CHAPTER 100—GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

        

§9301. Findings

Congress finds that a comprehensive approach to sustainable food and nutrition security should not only respond to emergency food shortages, but should also address malnutrition, resilience to food and nutrition insecurity, building the capacity of poor, rural populations to improve their agricultural productivity and incomes, removing institutional impediments to agricultural development, value chain access and efficiency, including processing and storage, enhancing agribusiness development, access to markets and activities that address the specific needs and barriers facing women and small-scale producers, education, and collaborative research.

(Pub. L. 114–195, §2, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 675; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, §5588(a), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3375.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2022—Pub. L. 117–263 substituted "Congress finds that a comprehensive" for "Congress makes the following findings:

"(1) According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (referred to in this section as the 'FAO'), 805,000,000 people worldwide suffer from chronic hunger. Hunger and malnutrition rob people of health and productive lives and stunt the mental and physical development of future generations.

"(2) According to the January 2014 'Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community'—

"(A) the '[l]ack of adequate food will be a destabilizing factor in countries important to US national security that do not have the financial or technical abilities to solve their internal food security problems'; and

"(B) '[f]ood and nutrition insecurity in weakly governed countries might also provide opportunities for insurgent groups to capitalize on poor conditions, exploit international food aid, and discredit governments for their inability to address basic needs'.

"(3) A comprehensive".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Short Title of 2018 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–266, §1, Oct. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 3755, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 2292a, 9305, and 9307 of this title] may be cited as the 'Global Food Security Reauthorization Act of 2017'."

Short Title

Pub. L. 114–195, §1, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 675, provided that: "This Act [enacting this chapter and amending sections 2292 and 2292a of this title] may be cited as the 'Global Food Security Act of 2016'."

Global Malnutrition Prevention and Treatment

Pub. L. 117–214, Oct. 19, 2022, 136 Stat. 2252, provided that:

"SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

"This Act may be cited as the 'Global Malnutrition Prevention and Treatment Act of 2021'.

"SEC. 2. AUTHORIZATION OF EFFORTS TO PREVENT AND TREAT MALNUTRITION GLOBALLY.

"(a) In General.—The Administrator, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies, is authorized and encouraged to support efforts to prevent and treat malnutrition globally, including by—

"(1) targeting resources and nutrition interventions to support the most vulnerable populations susceptible to severe malnutrition, including children under the age of 5 and pregnant and lactating women;

"(2) increasing coverage, particularly in priority countries, of nutrition interventions that include coordinated deployment of prenatal nutrient supplements, breastfeeding support, vitamin A supplementation, specialized nutritious food products for the treatment of acute malnutrition, and other evidence-based interventions, as appropriate;

"(3) increasing the use of context and country-appropriate fortification of staples and condiments with essential nutrients;

"(4) advancing evidence-based programs and interventions carried out using data-driven approaches, best practices, and targeted to country-specific contexts and needs;

"(5) supporting partner governments to develop policies to prevent and treat malnutrition;

"(6) leveraging investments to strengthen health systems, including to support community health workers to advance improved nutrition outcomes;

"(7) improve diets through safe, affordable, nutritious foods in the food system; and

"(8) ensuring rigorous monitoring and evaluation of such efforts.

"(b) External Coordination Efforts Related to Nutrition Programs.—The Administrator, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies, should coordinate, as appropriate, with bilateral and multilateral donors, governments of partner countries, United Nations agencies, civil society organizations, nongovernmental organizations, including faith-based organizations, and the private sector to prevent and treat malnutrition globally, including by supporting efforts to—

"(1) build the capacity of local and community-based organizations and governments of partner countries to ensure sustainability of nutrition interventions;

"(2) expand research and innovation to identify and increase effective and evidence-based nutrition interventions based on country-specific contexts;

"(3) improve coordination and structure of supply chains for nutrition interventions;

"(4) expand domestic resource mobilization and domestic financing for nutrition interventions; and

"(5) seek to leverage additional resources and encourage investment into innovative and multi-stakeholder finance partnerships to advance burden sharing in nutrition-related assistance.

"(c) Interagency Efforts.—In carrying out subsections (a) and (b), the Administrator, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies, consistent with the Global Nutrition Coordination Plan, shall seek to leverage additional resources to prevent and treat malnutrition globally, including by—

"(1) increasing cooperation among relevant Federal departments and agencies represented in the Global Nutrition Coordination Plan to better leverage grants, technical assistance, debt, equity, loan guaranties, and public-private partnerships; and

"(2) utilizing the Administrator's role as a member of the Board of Directors of the United States International Development Finance Corporation to consider opportunities within the Corporation's development impact framework that support improved nutrition outcomes.

"SEC. 3. SELECTION OF PRIORITY COUNTRIES.

"(a) In General.—The Administrator, in coordination with the Nutrition Leadership Council, shall select foreign countries as priority countries for purposes of targeting programs to prevent and treat malnutrition globally.

"(b) Criteria.—The selection of priority countries under subsection (a) shall be based on the following:

"(1) The prevalence of severe malnutrition among children under the age of 5 and pregnant and lactating women.

"(2) The presence of high-need, underserved, marginalized, vulnerable, or impoverished communities.

"(3) The enabling environment for improved nutrition, including presence of national nutrition plans and demonstration of strong political commitment.

"(4) Any other criteria that the Administrator determines to be appropriate.

"(c) Updates.—The Administrator shall update the selection of priority countries under subsection (a) not later than 5 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 2022].

"(d) Sense of Congress.—It is the sense of Congress that the Administrator should continue to undertake nutrition interventions in countries not selected as priority countries, particularly in contexts in which opportunities are identified to advance multi-sectoral development programming and integrate efforts to prevent and treat global malnutrition with other priority areas and program objectives.

"SEC. 4. NUTRITION LEADERSHIP COUNCIL.

"(a) Establishment.—The Administrator is authorized to establish in the United States Agency for International Development the Nutrition Leadership Council (in this section referred to as the 'Council'), which shall coordinate Agency efforts to prevent and treat malnutrition globally.

"(b) Duties.—The duties of the Council shall include—

"(1) advancing United States Agency for International Development efforts to prevent and treat malnutrition globally;

"(2) ensuring nutrition interventions, particularly in priority countries, are carried out in close coordination with other relevant United States Government strategies and policies and provisions of law, including—

"(A) the Global Food Security Act of 2016 (22 U.S.C. 9301 et seq.);

"(B) the Senator Paul Simon Water for the World Act of 2014 [Pub. L. 113–289] (22 U.S.C. 2151 note) [see Short Title of 2014 Amendment note set out under section 2151 of this title];

"(C) the Global Child Thrive Act of 2020 (subtitle I of title XII of division A of Public Law 116–283) [see Short Title of 2021 Amendment note set out under section 2151 of this title]; and

"(D) the Global Fragility Act of 2019 (22 U.S.C. 9801 et seq.); and

"(3) ensuring nutrition interventions are coordinated with nutrition programs carried out by other relevant Federal departments and agencies.

"(c) Membership.—The Council shall include representatives of the following bureaus and independent offices of the United States Agency for International Development:

"(1) The Bureau for Global Health.

"(2) The Bureau for Resilience and Food Security.

"(3) The Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance.

"(4) Any other relevant bureau or independent office that the Administrator determines to be appropriate.

"SEC. 5. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN.

"(a) In General.—Not later than 260 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 2022], the Administrator, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies, shall develop and submit to the appropriate congressional committees an implementation plan for programs to prevent and treat malnutrition globally described in section 2.

"(b) Matters To Be Included.—The implementation plan required by subsection (a) shall include the following:

"(1) A description of specific and measurable goals, objectives, and performance metrics with respect to such programs, including clear benchmarks and intended timelines for achieving such goals and objectives.

"(2) A description of monitoring and evaluation plans with respect to such programs, as appropriate.

"(3) In priority countries, a description of efforts to ensure that nutrition is adequately addressed in the Country Development Cooperation Strategy to the extent practicable and identify opportunities to expand efforts to prevent and treat malnutrition, including through leveraging existing health and development programs and other ongoing activities.

"(c) Consultation.—The implementation plan required by subsection (a) shall be developed in consultation with, as appropriate and to the extent possible, representatives of nongovernmental organizations, including faith-based organizations, civil society organizations, multilateral organizations and donors, relevant private, academic, and philanthropic entities, and the appropriate congressional committees.

"SEC. 6. REPORT.

"(a) In General.—Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter for 5 years, the Administrator shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that describes progress made towards preventing and treating malnutrition globally.

"(b) Matters To Be Included.—The report required by subsection (a) shall include the following:

"(1) A summary of progress made towards achieving the specific and measurable goals, objectives, and performance metrics towards ending global malnutrition.

"(2) In priority countries—

"(A) a detailed summary of nutrition programs and activities in the previous fiscal year, including a breakdown of the countries to which nutrition resources have been allocated and an estimated number of people reached through nutrition interventions; and

"(B) an [sic] description of the coordination of nutrition programs with other health and development programs and priorities.

"(3) A summary of efforts to expand research and innovation to development and scale up new tools to prevent and treat malnutrition globally.

"(4) An assessment of the collaboration and coordination of nutrition efforts of the United States Agency for International Development with United Nations agencies, the World Bank, other donor governments, host country governments, civil society, and the private sector, as appropriate.

"(5) A description of other donor country and host country financial commitments and efforts to prevent and treat malnutrition.

"(6) An identification of constraints on implementation of programs and activities and lessons learned from programs and activities from the previous fiscal years.

"(c) Inclusion in Other Reports.—The Administrator may include the report required by subsection (a) as a component of other congressionally mandated reports provided to appropriate congressional committees, as appropriate.

"SEC. 7. COMPLIANCE WITH THE FOREIGN AID TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY ACT OF 2016.

[Amended provisions set out as a note under section 2394c of this title.]

"SEC. 8. DEFINITIONS.

"In this Act:

"(1) Administrator.—The term 'Administrator' means the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development.

"(2) Appropriate congressional committees.—The term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—

"(A) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and

"(B) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.

"(3) Nutrition leadership council.—The term 'Nutrition Leadership Council' means Nutrition Leadership Council established by section 4.

"(4) Priority country.—The term 'priority country' means a foreign country selected under section 3 for purposes of targeting programs to prevent and treat malnutrition globally.

"SEC. 9. SUNSET.

"The requirements of this Act and the amendments made by this Act shall terminate on the date that is 7 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 2022]."

§9302. Statement of policy objectives; sense of Congress

(a) Statement of policy objectives

It is in the national interest of the United States to promote global food security, resilience, and nutrition, consistent with national food security investment plans, which is reinforced through comprehensive, multi-sectoral programs, activities, and initiatives that consider agriculture and food systems in their totality and that—

(1) place food insecure countries on a path toward self-sufficiency, economic freedom, and security through the phasing, sequencing, and coordination of United States foreign assistance programs;

(2) accelerate inclusive, agricultural-led economic growth that reduces global poverty, hunger, and malnutrition, particularly among women and children;

(3) increase the productivity, incomes, and livelihoods of small-scale producers and artisanal fishing communities, especially women in these communities, by working across terrestrial and aquatic food systems and agricultural value chains, including by—

(A) enhancing local capacity to manage agricultural resources and food systems effectively and expanding producer access to, and participation in, local, regional, and international markets;

(B) increasing the availability and affordability of high quality nutritious and safe foods and clean water;

(C) creating entrepreneurship opportunities and improving access to business development related to agriculture and food systems, including among youth populations, linked to local, regional, and international markets; and

(D) enabling partnerships to facilitate the development of and investment in new agricultural technologies to support more resilient and productive agricultural practices;

(4) build resilience to agriculture and food systems shocks and stresses, including global food catastrophes in which conventional methods of agriculture are unable to provide sufficient food and nutrition to sustain the global population, among vulnerable populations and households through inclusive growth, while reducing reliance upon emergency food and economic assistance;

(5) create an enabling environment for agricultural growth and investment, including through the promotion of secure and transparent property rights;

(6) improve the nutritional status of women, adolescent girls, and children, with a focus on reducing child stunting and incidence of wasting, including through the promotion of highly nutritious foods, diet diversification, large-scale food fortification, and nutritional behaviors that improve maternal and child health and nutrition, especially during the first 1,000-day window until a child reaches 2 years of age;

(7) demonstrably meet, align with and leverage broader United States strategies and investments in trade, economic growth, national security, combating fragility, resilience, science and technology, natural resource management ¹ agriculture research and extension, maternal and child health, nutrition,,² including deworming, and water, sanitation, and hygiene;

(8) continue to strengthen partnerships between United States-based universities, including land-grant colleges, and universities and institutions in target countries and communities that build agricultural capacity; and

(9) ensure the effective use of United States taxpayer dollars to further these objectives.

(b) Sense of Congress

It is the sense of the Congress that the President, in providing assistance to implement the Global Food Security Strategy, should—

(1) coordinate, through a whole-of-government approach, the efforts of relevant Federal departments and agencies to implement the Global Food Security Strategy;

(2) seek to fully utilize the unique capabilities of each relevant Federal department and agency while collaborating with and leveraging the contributions of other key stakeholders; and

(3) utilize open and streamlined solicitations to allow for the participation of a wide range of implementing partners through the most appropriate procurement mechanisms, which may include grants, contracts, cooperative agreements, and other instruments as necessary and appropriate.

(Pub. L. 114–195, §3, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 676; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, §5588(b), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3375.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2022—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(b)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted "comprehensive, multi-sectoral programs, activities, and initiatives that consider agriculture and food systems in their totality and that" for "programs, activities, and initiatives that".

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(b)(2), substituted ", economic freedom, and security through the phasing, sequencing, and coordination" for "and economic freedom through the coordination".

Subsec. (a)(3), (4). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(b)(3), added pars. (3) and (4) and struck out former pars. (3) and (4) which read as follows:

"(3) increase the productivity, incomes, and livelihoods of small-scale producers, especially women, by working across agricultural value chains, enhancing local capacity to manage agricultural resources effectively and expanding producer access to local and international markets;

"(4) build resilience to food shocks among vulnerable populations and households while reducing reliance upon emergency food assistance;".

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(b)(4), amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) read as follows: "improve the nutritional status of women and children, with a focus on reducing child stunting, including through the promotion of highly nutritious foods, diet diversification, and nutritional behaviors that improve maternal and child health;".

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(b)(5), substituted "combating fragility, resilience, science and technology, natural resource management" for "science and technology," and inserted ", including deworming," after "nutrition,".

¹ So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.

² So in original.

§9303. Definitions

In this chapter:

(1) Appropriate congressional committees

The term "appropriate congressional committees" means—

(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate;

(B) the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate;

(C) the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate;

(D) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives;

(E) the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives; and

(F) the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.

(2) Feed the Future Innovation Labs

The term "Feed the Future Innovation Labs" means research partnerships led by United States universities that advance solutions to reduce global hunger, poverty, and malnutrition, including in response to shocks and stresses to food and nutrition security.

(3) Food and nutrition security

The term "food and nutrition security" means access to, and availability, utilization, and stability of, sufficient food to meet caloric and nutritional needs for an active and healthy life.

(4) Food system

The term "food system" means the intact or whole unit made up of interrelated components of people, behaviors, relationships, and material goods that interact in the production, processing, packaging, transporting, trade, marketing, consumption, and use of food, feed, and fiber through aquaculture, farming, wild fisheries, forestry, and pastoralism that operates within and is influenced by social, political, economic, and environmental contexts.

(5) Global Food Security Strategy

The term "Global Food Security Strategy" means the strategy developed and implemented pursuant to section 9304(a) of this title.

(6) Key stakeholders

The term "key stakeholders" means actors engaged in efforts to advance global food security programs and objectives, including—

(A) relevant Federal departments and agencies;

(B) national and local governments in target countries;

(C) other bilateral donors;

(D) international and regional organizations;

(E) international, regional, and local financial institutions;

(F) international, regional, and local private voluntary, nongovernmental, faith-based, and civil society organizations;

(G) the private sector, including agribusinesses and relevant commodities groups;

(H) local agricultural producers, including farmer and fisher organizations, cooperatives, small-scale producers, youth, and women; and

(I) agricultural research and academic institutions, including land-grant universities and extension services.

(7) Malnutrition

The term "malnutrition" means poor nutritional status caused by nutritional deficiency or excess.

(8) Relevant Federal departments and agencies

The term "relevant Federal departments and agencies" means the United States Agency for International Development, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Commerce, the Department of State, the Department of the Treasury, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, the United States International Development Finance Corporation, the Peace Corps, the Office of the United States Trade Representative, the United States African Development Foundation, the Inter-American Foundation, the United States Geological Survey, and any other department or agency specified by the President for purposes of this section.

(9) Resilience

The term "resilience" means the ability of people, households, communities, countries, and agriculture and food systems to mitigate, adapt to, and recover from shocks and stresses to food security, including global food catastrophes, in a manner that reduces chronic vulnerability and facilitates inclusive growth.

(10) Small-scale producer

The term "small-scale producer" means farmers, pastoralists, foresters, and artisanal fishing communities that have a low asset base and limited resources, including land, capital, skills and labor, and, in the case of farmers, typically farm on fewer than 5 hectares of land.

(11) Stunting

The term "stunting" refers to a condition that—

(A) is measured by a height-to-age ratio that is more than 2 standard deviations below the median for the population;

(B) manifests in children who are younger than 2 years of age;

(C) is a process that can continue in children after they reach 2 years of age, resulting in an individual being "stunted";

(D) is a marker of an environment deficient in the various needs that allow for a child's healthy growth, including nutrition; and

(E) is associated with long-term poor health, delayed motor development, impaired cognitive function, and decreased immunity.

(12) Sustainable

The term "sustainable" means the ability of a target country, community, implementing partner, or intended beneficiary to maintain, over time, the programs authorized and outcomes achieved pursuant to this chapter.

(13) Target country

The term "target country" means a developing country that is selected to participate in food and nutrition security and agriculture-led economic growth programs under the Global Food Security Strategy pursuant to the selection criteria described in section 9304(a)(2) of this title, including criteria such as the potential for agriculture-led economic growth, government commitment to agricultural investment and policy reform, opportunities for partnerships and regional synergies, the level of need, and resource availability.

(14) Wasting

The term "wasting" means—

(A) a life-threatening condition attributable to poor nutrient intake or disease that is characterized by a rapid deterioration in nutritional status over a short period of time; and

(B) in the case of children, is characterized by low weight for height and weakened immunity, increasing their risk of death due to greater frequency and severity of common infection, particularly when severe.

(Pub. L. 114–195, §4, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 676; Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title VI, §1470(s), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3519; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, §5588(c), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3376.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2022—Par. (2). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(1), inserted ", including in response to shocks and stresses to food and nutrition security" before period at end.

Pars. (4) to (6). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), (3), added par. (4) and redesignated former pars. (4) and (5) as (5) and (6), respectively. Former par. (6) redesignated (7).

Par. (6)(H). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(4), amended subpar. (H) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (H) read as follows: "agricultural producers, including farmer organizations, cooperatives, small-scale producers, and women; and".

Par. (7). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), redesignated par. (6) as (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (8).

Par. (8). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(5), which directed amendment of "paragraph (7), as redesignated" by inserting "the Inter-American Foundation," after "United States African Development Foundation," was executed by making the amendment in par. (8), as redesignated, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Par. (7), as redesignated by Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), does not contain the words "United States African Development Foundation,".

Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), redesignated par. (7) as (8). Former par. (8) redesignated (9).

Par. (9). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), (6), redesignated par. (8) as (9) and inserted "agriculture and food" before "systems" and ", including global food catastrophes," after "food security". Former par. (9) redesignated (10).

Par. (10). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), (7), redesignated par. (9) as (10) and substituted "artisanal fishing communities" for "fishers". Former par. (10) redesignated (11).

Par. (11). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), redesignated par. (10) as (11). Former par. (11) redesignated (12).

Par. (11)(D), (E). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(8), amended subpars. (D) and (E) generally. Prior to amendment, subpars. (D) and (E) read as follows:

"(D) is a sign of chronic malnutrition; and

"(E) can lead to long-term poor health, delayed motor development, impaired cognitive function, and decreased immunity."

Par. (12). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), redesignated par. (11) as (12). Former par. (12) redesignated (13).

Par. (13). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), (9), redesignated par. (12) as (13) and substituted "food and nutrition security and agriculture-led economic growth" for "agriculture and nutrition security".

Par. (14). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(10), added par. (14).

2018—Par. (7). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "United States International Development Finance Corporation" for "Overseas Private Investment Corporation".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–254 effective at the end of the transition period, as defined in section 9681 of this title, see section 1470(w) of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a note under section 905 of Title 2, The Congress.

§9304. Comprehensive Global Food Security Strategy

(a) Strategy

The President shall coordinate the development and implementation of a United States whole-of-government strategy to accomplish the policy objectives set forth in section 9302(a) of this title, which shall—

(1) set specific and measurable goals, benchmarks, timetables, performance metrics, and monitoring and evaluation plans that reflect international best practices relating to transparency, accountability, food and nutrition security, and agriculture-led economic growth, consistent with the policy objectives described in section 9302(a) of this title;

(2) establish clear and transparent selection criteria for target countries, communities, regions, and intended beneficiaries of assistance;

(3) describe the methodology and criteria for the selection of target countries;

(4) support and be aligned with partner country-led agriculture, nutrition, regulatory, food security, and water resources management policy and investment plans and governance systems developed with input from key stakeholders, as appropriate;

(5) support the locally-led and inclusive development of agriculture and food systems, including by enhancing the extent to which small-scale food producers, especially women, have access to and control over the inputs, skills, resource management capacity, networking, bargaining power, financing, market linkages, technology, and information needed to sustainably increase productivity and incomes, reduce poverty and malnutrition, and promote long-term economic prosperity;

(6) support improvement of the nutritional status of women, adolescent girls, and children, particularly during the critical first 1,000-day window until a child reaches 2 years of age and with a focus on reducing child stunting and preventing incidence of wasting, through nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive programs, including related water, sanitation, and hygiene programs;

(7) facilitate communication and collaboration, as appropriate, among local stakeholders in support of a multi-sectoral approach to food and nutrition security, to include analysis of the multiple underlying causes of malnutrition, including poor water resource management and lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene;

(8) support long-term impact by building the capacity of local organizations and institutions, including agricultural research capacity, in target countries and communities;

(9) coordinate with and complement relevant strategies to ensure that chronically vulnerable populations are better able to adapt, build safety nets, secure livelihoods, access markets, and access opportunities for longer-term economic growth;

(10) develop community and producer resilience and adaptation strategies to disasters, emergencies, and other shocks and stresses to food and nutrition security, including conflicts, droughts, flooding, pests, and diseases, that adversely impact agricultural yield and livelihoods;

(11) harness science, technology, and innovation, including the research and extension activities supported by the private sector, relevant Federal departments and agencies, Feed the Future Innovation Labs or any successor entities, and international and local researchers and innovators, recognizing that significant investments in research and technological advances will be necessary to reduce global poverty, hunger, and malnutrition;

(12) use evidenced-based best practices, including scientific and forecasting data, and improved planning and coordination by, with, and among key partners and relevant Federal departments and agencies to identify, analyze, measure, and mitigate risks, and strengthen resilience capacities;

(13) ensure scientific and forecasting data is accessible and usable by affected communities and facilitate communication and collaboration among local stakeholders in support of adaptation planning and implementation, including scenario planning and preparedness using seasonal forecasting and scientific and local knowledge;

(14) integrate agricultural development activities among food insecure populations living in proximity to designated national parks or wildlife areas into wildlife conservation efforts, as necessary and appropriate;

(15) leverage resources and expertise through partnerships with the private sector, farm organizations, cooperatives, civil society, nongovernmental organizations, including faith-based organizations, and agricultural research and academic institutions;

(16) strengthen and expand collaboration and coordination, as appropriate, between United States universities, including public, private, and land-grant universities, with higher education institutions in target countries to increase their effectiveness and relevance to promote agricultural development and innovation through the creation of human capital, innovation, and cutting edge science in the agricultural sector;

(17) seek to ensure that target countries and communities respect and promote land tenure rights of local communities, particularly those of women and small-scale producers;

(18) include criteria and methodologies for graduating target countries and communities from assistance provided to implement the Global Food Security Strategy as such countries and communities meet the progress benchmarks identified pursuant to section 9307(a)(4) of this title;

(19) improve the efficiency and resilience of agricultural production, including management of crops, rangelands, pastures, livestock, fisheries, and aquacultures;

(20) ensure investments in food and nutrition security consider and integrate best practices in the management and governance of natural resources and conservation, especially among food insecure populations living in or near biodiverse ecosystems;

(21) be periodically updated in a manner that reflects learning and best practices; and

(22) demonstrably support the United States national security and economic interest in the countries where assistance is being provided.

(b) Coordination

The President shall coordinate, through a whole-of-government approach, the efforts of relevant Federal departments and agencies in the implementation of the Global Food Security Strategy by—

(1) establishing monitoring and evaluation systems, coherence, and coordination across relevant Federal departments and agencies;

(2) establishing linkages with other initiatives and strategies of relevant Federal departments and agencies; and

(3) establishing platforms for regular consultation and collaboration with key stakeholders and the appropriate congressional committees.

(c) Strategy submission

(1) In general

Not later than October 1, 2016, the President, in consultation with the head of each relevant Federal department and agency, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees the Global Food Security Strategy required under this section, including a detailed description of how the United States intends to advance the objectives set forth in section 9302(a) of this title and the agency-specific plans described in paragraph (2).

(2) Agency-specific plans

The Global Food Security Strategy shall include specific implementation plans from each relevant Federal department and agency that describes—

(A) the anticipated contributions of the department or agency, including technical, financial, and in-kind contributions, to implement the Global Food Security Strategy; and

(B) the efforts of the department or agency to ensure that the activities and programs carried out pursuant to the strategy are designed to achieve maximum impact and long-term sustainability.

(d) Periodic updates

Not less frequently than quinquennially through fiscal year 2030, the President, in consultation with the head of each relevant Federal department and agency, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees updates to the Global Food Security Strategy required under subsection (a) and the agency-specific plans described in subsection (c)(2).

(Pub. L. 114–195, §5, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 678; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, §5588(d), (e), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3377, 3378.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2022—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(1), substituted "partner country-led agriculture, nutrition, regulatory, food security, and water resources management policy and investment plans and governance systems" for "country-owned agriculture, nutrition, and food security policy and investment plans".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(2), amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: "support inclusive agricultural value chain development, with small-scale producers, especially women, gaining greater access to the inputs, skills, resource management capacity, networking, bargaining power, financing, and market linkages needed to sustain their long-term economic prosperity;".

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(3), inserted ", adolescent girls," after "women" and "and preventing incidence of wasting" after "reducing child stunting".

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(4), inserted "poor water resource management and" after "including".

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(5), substituted "long-term impact" for "the long-term success of programs" and inserted ", including agricultural research capacity," after "institutions".

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(6), substituted "coordinate with and complement relevant strategies to ensure that chronically vulnerable populations are better able to adapt," for "integrate resilience and nutrition strategies into food security programs, such that chronically vulnerable populations are better able to".

Subsec. (a)(10), (11). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(9), added pars. (10) and (11) and struck out former pars. (10) and (11) which read as follows:

"(10) develop community and producer resilience to natural disasters, emergencies, and natural occurrences that adversely impact agricultural yield;

"(11) harness science, technology, and innovation, including the research and extension activities supported by relevant Federal Departments and agencies and Feed the Future Innovation Labs, or any successor entities;".

Subsec. (a)(12), (13). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(9), added pars. (12) and (13). Former pars. (12) and (13) redesignated (14) and (15), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(8), redesignated par. (12) as (14). Former par. (14) redesignated (16).

Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(8), (10), redesignated par. (13) as (15) and inserted "nongovernmental organizations, including" after "civil society,". Former par. (15) redesignated (17).

Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(8), (11), redesignated par. (14) as (16) and inserted "and coordination, as appropriate," after "collaboration". Former par. (16) redesignated (18).

Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(8), redesignated par. (15) as (17). Former par. (17) redesignated (22).

Subsec. (a)(18). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(8), (12), redesignated par. (16) as (18) and substituted "section 9307(a)(4) of this title;" for "section 9307(b)(4) of this title; and".

Subsec. (a)(19) to (21). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(13), added pars. (19) to (21).

Subsec. (a)(22). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(7), redesignated par. (17) as (22).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(e), added subsec. (d).

Executive Documents

Delegation of Authority Pursuant to Sections 5, 6(a) and 6(c), and 8(a) of the Global Food Security Act of 2016

Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 30, 2016, 81 F.R. 76483, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of State [and] the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby order as follows:

I hereby delegate to the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development the functions and authorities vested in the President by sections 5, 6(c), and 8(a) of the Global Food Security Act of 2016 (the "Act").

I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 6(a) of the Act.

These functions shall be exercised consistent with the Secretary of State's responsibility for the continuous supervision and general direction of assistance programs under section 2382 of title 22, United States Code, and lead role in coordinating U.S. assistance under section 6593 of title 22, United States Code.

Any reference in this memorandum to the Act shall be deemed to be a reference to any future act that is the same or substantially the same as such provisions.

The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

Barack Obama.      

§9305. Assistance to implement the Global Food Security Strategy

(a) Food shortages

The President is authorized to carry out activities pursuant to section 103, section 103A, title XII of chapter 2 of part I, and chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151a, 2151a–1, 2220a et seq., and 2346 et seq.) to prevent or address food shortages notwithstanding any other provision of law.

(b) Authorization of appropriations

There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development $1,200,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry out those portions of the Global Food Security Strategy that relate to the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development, respectively. Amounts authorized to appropriated under this subsection should be prioritized to carry out programs and activities in target countries.

(c) Monitoring and evaluation

The President shall seek to ensure that assistance to implement the Global Food Security Strategy is provided under established parameters for a rigorous accountability system to monitor and evaluate progress and impact of the strategy, including by reporting to the appropriate congressional committees and the public on an annual basis.

(Pub. L. 114–195, §6, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 680; Pub. L. 115–266, §2(a), Oct. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 3755; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, §5588(f), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3378.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424. Title XII of chapter 2 of part I of the Act is classified generally to subpart XII (§2220a et seq.) of part II of subchapter I of chapter 32 of this title. Chapter 4 of part II of the Act is classified generally to part IV (§2346 et seq.) of subchapter II of chapter 32 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2022—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–263 substituted "$1,200,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2024 through 2028" for "$1,000,600,000 for each of fiscal years 2017 through 2023" and inserted at end "Amounts authorized to appropriated under this subsection should be prioritized to carry out programs and activities in target countries."

2018—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–266 substituted "fiscal years 2017 through 2023" for "fiscal years 2017 and 2018".

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Functions of President under subsec. (a) of this section delegated to the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, and under subsec. (c) of this section to the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, by Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 30, 2016, 81 F.R. 76483, set out as a note under section 9304 of this title.

§9306. Emergency Food Security Program

It shall be the policy of the United States, in coordination with other donors, regional governments, international organizations, and international financial institutions, to fully leverage, enhance, and expand the impact and reach of available United States humanitarian resources, including for food assistance, to mitigate the effects of manmade and natural disasters by utilizing innovative new approaches to delivering aid that support affected persons and the communities hosting them, build resilience and early recovery, and reduce opportunities for waste, fraud, and abuse.

(Pub. L. 114–195, §7, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 680; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, §5588(g)(1), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3378.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section is comprised of section 7 of Pub. L. 114–195. Subsec. (c)(1) of section 7 of Pub. L. 114–195 amended section 2292 of this title and subsec. (c)(2) of section 7 of Pub. L. 114–195 amended section 2292a of this title.

Amendments

2022—Pub. L. 117–263 struck out subsec. (b) designation and heading before "It shall be" and struck out subsec. (a) which related to sense of Congress regarding challenges of providing international disaster assistance, especially in Syria.

§9307. Reports

(a) Global Food Security Strategy implementation reports

For each of the fiscal years through 2028, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that describes the status of the implementation of the Global Food Security Strategy during the preceding year, which shall—

(1) contain a summary of the Global Food Security Strategy as an appendix;

(2) identify any substantial changes made in the Global Food Security Strategy during the preceding calendar year, including any changes to the target countries selected pursuant to the selection criteria described in section 9304(a)(2) of this title and justifications for any such changes;

(3) identify and describe the progress made in implementing the Global Food Security Strategy;

(4) identify and describe the priority quantitative metrics used to establish baselines and performance targets at the initiative, country, and zone of influence levels;

(5) identify such established baselines and performance targets at the country and zone of influence levels;

(6) identify the output and outcome benchmarks and indicators used to measure results annually, and report the annual measurement of results for each of the priority metrics identified pursuant to paragraph (4), disaggregated by age, gender, and disability, to the extent practicable and appropriate, in an open and transparent manner that is accessible to the people of the United States;

(7) describe related strategies and benchmarks for graduating target countries and communities from assistance provided under the Global Food Security Strategy over time, including by building resilience, reducing risk, and enhancing the sustainability of outcomes from United States investments in food and nutrition security;

(8) indicate how quantitative and qualitative findings from monitoring and evaluation were incorporated into program design and budget decisions at the initiative, country, and zone of influence levels, including longitudinal data and key uncertainties;

(9) contain a transparent, open, and detailed accounting of spending by relevant Federal departments and agencies to implement the Global Food Security Strategy, including, for each Federal department and agency, the statutory source of spending, amounts spent within target countries, amounts and justification for any spending outside of target countries, implementing partners and targeted beneficiaries, and activities supported to the extent practicable and appropriate;

(10) describe how the Global Food Security Strategy leverages other United States food security and development assistance programs on the continuum from emergency food aid through sustainable, agriculture-led economic growth and eventual self-sufficiency;

(11) describe the contributions of the Global Food Security Strategy to, and assess the impact of, broader international food and nutrition security assistance programs, including progress in the promotion of land tenure rights, creating economic opportunities for women and small-scale producers, and stimulating agriculture-led economic growth in target countries and communities;

(12) assess efforts to coordinate United States international food security and nutrition programs, activities, and initiatives with key stakeholders;

(13) assess United States Government-facilitated private investment in related sectors and efforts to encourage financial donor burden sharing and the impact of such investment and efforts in target countries and communities;

(14) describe how agriculture research is prioritized within the Global Food Security Strategy to support agriculture-led growth and eventual self-sufficiency and assess efforts to coordinate research programs within the Global Food Security Strategy with key stakeholders;

(15) identify any United States legal or regulatory impediments that could obstruct the effective implementation of the programming referred to in paragraphs (8) and (9); ¹

(16) contain a clear gender analysis of programming, to inform project-level activities, that includes established disaggregated gender indicators to better analyze outcomes for food productivity, income growth, control of assets, equity in access to inputs, jobs and markets, and nutrition;

(17) incorporate a plan for regularly reviewing and updating strategies, partnerships, and programs and sharing lessons learned, including key challenges or missteps, with a wide range of stakeholders in an open, transparent manner; and

(18) during the final year of each strategy required under section 9304 of this title, complete country graduation reports to determine whether a country should remain a target country based on quantitative and qualitative analysis.

(b) Global food security crosscut report

Not later than 120 days after the President submits the budget to Congress under section 1105(a) of title 31, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report including—

(1) an interagency budget crosscut report that—

(A) displays the budget proposed, including any planned interagency or intra-agency transfer, for each of the principal Federal agencies that carries out global food security activities in the upcoming fiscal year, separately reporting the amount of planned funding to be provided under existing laws pertaining to the global food security strategy to the extent available; and

(B) to the extent available, identifies all assistance and research expenditures at the account level in each of the five prior fiscal years by the Federal Government and United States multilateral commitments using Federal funds for global food security strategy activities;

(2) to the extent available, a detailed accounting of all assistance funding received and obligated by the principal Federal agencies identified in the report and United States multilateral commitments using Federal funds, for global food security activities during the current fiscal year; and

(3) a breakout of the proposed budget for the current and budget years by agency, categorizing expenditures by type of funding, including research, resiliency, and other food security activities to the extent that such information is available.

(c) Public availability of information

The information referred to in subsections (a) and (b) shall be made available on the public website of the United States Agency for International Development in an open, machine readable format, in a timely manner.

(Pub. L. 114–195, §8, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 682; Pub. L. 115–266, §3, Oct. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 3755; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, §5588(h), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3379.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Paragraphs (8) and (9), referred to in subsec. (a)(15), were redesignated as pars. (10) and (11), respectively, of subsec. (a) of this section by Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, §5588(h)(5), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3379.

Amendments

2022—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(h)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted "For each of the fiscal years through 2028," for "During each of the first 7 years after the date of the submission of the strategy required under section 9304(c) of this title,", "a report that describes" for "reports that describe", and "during the preceding year" for "at the end of the reporting period".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(h)(2), inserted ", including any changes to the target countries selected pursuant to the selection criteria described in section 9304(a)(2) of this title and justifications for any such changes" before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(h)(3), inserted "identify and" before "describe".

Subsec. (a)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(h)(6), added pars. (4) to (6) and struck out former par. (4) which read as follows: "identify the indicators used to establish benchmarks and measure results over time, as well as the mechanisms for reporting such results in an open and transparent manner;". Former pars. (5) and (6) redesignated (7) and (8), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(h)(5), (7), redesignated par. (5) as (7) and substituted "food" for "agriculture". Former par. (7) redesignated (9).

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(h)(5), (8), redesignated par. (6) as (8) and inserted "quantitative and qualitative" after "how" and "at the initiative, country, and zone of influence levels, including longitudinal data and key uncertainties" before semicolon at end. Former par. (8) redesignated (10).

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(h)(5), (9), redesignated par. (7) as (9) and inserted "within target countries, amounts and justification for any spending outside of target countries" after "amounts spent". Former par. (9) redesignated (11).

Subsec. (a)(10) to (12). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(h)(5), redesignated pars. (8), (9), and (10) as (10), (11), and (12), respectively. Former pars. (10), (11), and (12) redesignated (12), (13), and (15), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(h)(5), (10), redesignated par. (11) as (13) and substituted "and efforts to encourage financial donor burden sharing and the impact of such investment and efforts" for "and the impact of private sector investment".

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(h)(11), added par. (14). Former par. (14) redesignated (17).

Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(h)(4), redesignated par. (12) as (15).

Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(h)(4), (12), redesignated par. (13) as (16) and struck out "and" at end.

Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(h)(4), (13), redesignated par. (14) as (17) and inserted ", including key challenges or missteps," after "lessons learned" and substituted "; and" for period at end.

Subsec. (a)(18). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(h)(14), added par. (18).

2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–266 substituted, in introductory provisions, "During each of the first 7 years" for "Not later than 1 year and 2 years" and "at the end of the reporting period" for "for 2017 and 2018".

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Functions of President under subsec. (a) of this section delegated to the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development by Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 30, 2016, 81 F.R. 76483, set out as a note under section 9304 of this title.

¹ See References in Text note below.

§9308. Rule of construction

(a) Effect on other programs

Nothing in the Global Food Security Strategy or this chapter or the amendments made by this Act shall be construed to supersede or otherwise affect the authority of the relevant Federal departments and agencies to carry out programs specified in subsection (b), in the manner provided, and subject to the terms and conditions, of those programs, including, but not limited to, the terms, conditions, and requirements relating to the procurement and transportation of food assistance furnished pursuant to such programs.

(b) Programs described

The programs referred to in subsection (a) are the following:

(1) The Food for Peace Act (7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.).

(2) The Food for Progress Act of 1985 (7 U.S.C. 1736o).

(3) Section 416(b) of the Agriculture ¹ Act of 1949 (7 U.S.C. 1431).²

(4) McGovern-Dole Food for Education Program (7 U.S.C. 1736o–1).

(5) Local and Regional Procurement Program (7 U.S.C. 1726c).

(6) Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust Act (7 U.S.C. 1736f–1).

(7) Any other food and nutrition security and emergency and non-emergency food assistance program of the Department of Agriculture.

(Pub. L. 114–195, §9, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 684.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The amendments made by this Act, referred to in subsec. (a), are the amendments made by Pub. L. 114–195, section 7(c) of which amended sections 2292 and 2292a of this title.

The Food for Peace Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is act July 10, 1954, ch. 469, 68 Stat. 454, which is classified generally to chapter 41 (§1691 et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1691 of Title 7 and Tables.

The Food for Progress Act of 1985, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is Pub. L. 99–198, title XI, §1110, Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1472, which is classified to section 1736o of Title 7, Agriculture.

The Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(6), is title III of Pub. L. 96–494, as added by Pub. L. 104–127, title II, §225(a), Apr. 4, 1996, 110 Stat. 959, which is classified to section 1736f–1 of Title 7, Agriculture.

¹ So in original. Probably should be "Agricultural".

² So in original. Probably should be "1431(b))."