22 USC CHAPTER 83, SUBCHAPTER III: BILATERAL EFFORTS

From Title 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSECHAPTER 83—UNITED STATES LEADERSHIP AGAINST HIV/AIDS, TUBERCULOSIS, AND MALARIA

SUBCHAPTER III—BILATERAL EFFORTS

Part A—General Assistance and Programs

§7631. Assistance to combat HIV/AIDS

(a) Omitted

(b) Authorization of appropriations

(1) In general

In addition to funds available under section 104(c) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151b(c)) for such purpose or under any other provision of that Act [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.], there are authorized to be appropriated to the President, from amounts authorized to be appropriated under section 7671 of this title, such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2009 through 2013 to carry out section 104A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as added by subsection (a) [22 U.S.C. 2151b–2].

(2) Availability of funds

Amounts appropriated pursuant to paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended.

(3) Allocation of funds

Of the amount authorized to be appropriated by paragraph (1) for the fiscal years 2009 through 2013, such sums as may be necessary are authorized to be appropriated to carry out section 104A(d)(4) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (as added by subsection (a)) [22 U.S.C. 2151b–2(d)(4)], relating to the procurement and distribution of HIV/AIDS pharmaceuticals.

(c) Food and nutritional support

(1) In general

As indicated in the report produced by the Institute of Medicine, entitled "PEPFAR Implementation: Progress and Promise", inadequate caloric intake has been clearly identified as a principal reason for failure of clinical response to antiretroviral therapy. In recognition of the impact of malnutrition as a clinical health issue for many persons living with HIV/AIDS that is often associated with health and economic impacts on these individuals and their families, the Global AIDS Coordinator and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall—

(A) follow World Health Organization guidelines for HIV/AIDS food and nutrition services;

(B) integrate nutrition programs with HIV/AIDS activities through effective linkages among the health, agricultural, and livelihood sectors and establish additional services in circumstances in which referrals are inadequate or impossible;

(C) provide, as a component of care and treatment programs for persons with HIV/AIDS, food and nutritional support to individuals infected with, and affected by, HIV/AIDS who meet established criteria for nutritional support (including clinically malnourished children and adults, and pregnant and lactating women in programs in need of supplemental support), including—

(i) anthropometric and dietary assessment;

(ii) counseling; and

(iii) therapeutic and supplementary feeding;

(D) provide food and nutritional support for children affected by HIV/AIDS and to communities and households caring for children affected by HIV/AIDS; and

(E) in communities where HIV/AIDS and food insecurity are highly prevalent, support programs to address these often intersecting health problems through community-based assistance programs, with an emphasis on sustainable approaches.

(2) Authorization of appropriations

Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated under section 7671 of this title, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2009 through 2013 to carry out this subsection.

(d) Eligibility for assistance

An organization, including a faith-based organization, that is otherwise eligible to receive assistance under section 104A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2151b–2], under this chapter, or under any amendment made by this chapter or by the Tom Lantos and Henry J. Hyde United States Global Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Reauthorization Act of 2008, for HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, or care—

(1) shall not be required, as a condition of receiving such assistance—

(A) to endorse or utilize a multisectoral or comprehensive approach to combating HIV/AIDS; or

(B) to endorse, utilize, make a referral to, become integrated with, or otherwise participate in any program or activity to which the organization has a religious or moral objection; and

(2) shall not be discriminated against in the solicitation or issuance of grants, contracts, or cooperative agreements under such provisions of law for refusing to meet any requirement described in paragraph (1).

(e) Limitation

No funds made available to carry out this chapter, or any amendment made by this chapter, may be used to promote or advocate the legalization or practice of prostitution or sex trafficking. Nothing in the preceding sentence shall be construed to preclude the provision to individuals of palliative care, treatment, or post-exposure pharmaceutical prophylaxis, and necessary pharmaceuticals and commodities, including test kits, condoms, and, when proven effective, microbicides.

(f) Limitation

No funds made available to carry out this chapter, or any amendment made by this chapter, may be used to provide assistance to any group or organization that does not have a policy explicitly opposing prostitution and sex trafficking, except that this subsection shall not apply to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the World Health Organization, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative or to any United Nations agency.

(g) Sense of Congress relating to food assistance for individuals living with HIV/AIDS

(1) Findings

Congress finds the following:

(A) The United States provides more than 60 percent of all food assistance worldwide.

(B) According to the United Nations World Food Program and other United Nations agencies, food insecurity of individuals infected or living with HIV/AIDS is a major problem in countries with large populations of such individuals, particularly in African countries.

(C) Although the United States is willing to provide food assistance to these countries in need, a few of the countries object to part or all of the assistance because of fears of benign genetic modifications to the foods.

(D) Healthy and nutritious foods for individuals infected or living with HIV/AIDS are an important complement to HIV/AIDS medicines for such individuals.

(E) Individuals infected with HIV have higher nutritional requirements than individuals who are not infected with HIV, particularly with respect to the need for protein. Also, there is evidence to suggest that the full benefit of therapy to treat HIV/AIDS may not be achieved in individuals who are malnourished, particularly in pregnant and lactating women.

(2) Sense of Congress

It is therefore the sense of Congress that United States food assistance should be accepted by countries with large populations of individuals infected or living with HIV/AIDS, particularly African countries, in order to help feed such individuals.

(Pub. L. 108–25, title III, §301, May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 728; Pub. L. 108–199, div. D, title V, §595(3), Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 209; Pub. L. 110–293, title III, §301(f)–(h), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2956, 2957.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, which is classified principally to chapter 32 (§2151 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (d) to (f), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 108–25, May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 711, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7601 of this title and Tables.

The Tom Lantos and Henry J. Hyde United States Global Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Reauthorization Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (d), is Pub. L. 110–293, July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2918. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2008 Amendment note set out under section 7601 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section is comprised of section 301 of Pub. L. 108–25. Subsec. (a) of section 301 of Pub. L. 108–25 amended section 2151b of this title and enacted section 2151b–2 of this title.

Constitutionality

For information regarding the constitutionality of certain provisions of this section, see the Table of Laws Held Unconstitutional in Whole or in Part by the Supreme Court on the Constitution Annotated website, constitution.congress.gov.

Amendments

2008—Subsec. (b)(1), (3). Pub. L. 110–293, §301(f), substituted "fiscal years 2009 through 2013" for "fiscal years 2004 through 2008".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–293, §301(g), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "In recognition of the fact that malnutrition may hasten the progression of HIV to AIDS and may exacerbate the decline among AIDS patients leading to a shorter life span, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall, as appropriate—

"(1) integrate nutrition programs with HIV/AIDS activities, generally;

"(2) provide, as a component of an anti-retroviral therapy program, support for food and nutrition to individuals infected with and affected by HIV/AIDS; and

"(3) provide support for food and nutrition for children affected by HIV/AIDS and to communities and households caring for children affected by HIV/AIDS."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–293, §301(h), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "An organization that is otherwise eligible to receive assistance under section 104A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (as added by subsection (a)) or under any other provision of this chapter (or any amendment made by this chapter) to prevent, treat, or monitor HIV/AIDS shall not be required, as a condition of receiving the assistance, to endorse or utilize a multisectoral approach to combatting HIV/AIDS, or to endorse, utilize, or participate in a prevention method or treatment program to which the organization has a religious or moral objection."

2004—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 108–199, §595(3), inserted ", except that this subsection shall not apply to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the World Health Organization, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative or to any United Nations agency" after "trafficking".

§7631a. United States Agency for International Development

(1) In general

The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in coordination with the Coordinator of United States Government Activities to Combat HIV/AIDS Globally, may facilitate availability and accessibility of microbicides, provided that such pharmaceuticals are approved, tentatively approved, or otherwise authorized for use by—

(A) the Food and Drug Administration;

(B) a stringent regulatory agency acceptable to the Secretary of Health and Human Services; or

(2) Authorization of appropriations

Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated under section 7671 of this title for HIV/AIDS assistance, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2009 through 2013 to carry out this section.

(Pub. L. 110–293, title II, §203(e), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2941.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Tom Lantos and Henry J. Hyde United States Global Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Reauthorization Act of 2008, and not as part of the United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 which comprises this chapter.

§7632. Authorization of appropriations to combat tuberculosis

(1) In general

In addition to funds available under section 104(c) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151b(c)) for such purpose or under any other provision of that Act [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.], there are authorized to be appropriated to the President, from amounts authorized to be appropriated under section 7671 of this title, a total of $4,000,000,000 for the 5-year period beginning on October 1, 2008.¹ to carry out section 104B of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as added by subsection (a) [22 U.S.C. 2151b–3].

(2) Availability of funds

Amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended.

(3) Transfer of prior year funds

Unobligated balances of funds made available for fiscal year 2001, 2002, or 2003 under section 104(c)(7) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151b(c)(7) (as in effect immediately before May 27, 2003) shall be transferred to, merged with, and made available for the same purposes as funds made available for fiscal years 2009 through 2013.¹ under paragraph (1).

(Pub. L. 108–25, title III, §302(b), May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 736; Pub. L. 110–293, title III, §302(f), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2959.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in par. (1), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, which is classified principally to chapter 32 (§2151 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2008—Par. (1). Pub. L. 110–293, §302(f)(1), substituted "a total of $4,000,000,000 for the 5-year period beginning on October 1, 2008." for "such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2004 through 2008".

Par. (3). Pub. L. 110–293, §302(f)(2), substituted "fiscal years 2009 through 2013." for "fiscal years 2004 through 2008".

¹ So in original. The period probably should not appear.

§7633. Assistance to combat malaria

(a) Omitted

(b) Authorization of appropriations

(1) In general

In addition to funds available under section 104(c) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151b(c)) for such purpose or under any other provision of that Act [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.], there are authorized to be appropriated to the President, from amounts authorized to be appropriated under section 7671 of this title, $5,000,000,000 during the 5-year period beginning on October 1, 2008 to carry out section 104C of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as added by subsection (a) [22 U.S.C. 2151b–4], including for the development of anti-malarial pharmaceuticals by the Medicines for Malaria Venture.

(2) Availability of funds

Amounts appropriated pursuant to paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended.

(3) Transfer of prior year funds

Unobligated balances of funds made available for fiscal year 2001, 2002, or 2003 under section 104(c) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151b(c) ¹ (as in effect immediately before May 27, 2003) and made available for the control of malaria shall be transferred to, merged with, and made available for the same purposes as funds made available for fiscal years 2009 through 2013 under paragraph (1).

(c) Statement of policy

Providing assistance for the prevention, control, treatment, and the ultimate eradication of malaria is—

(1) a major objective of the foreign assistance program of the United States; and

(2) 1 component of a comprehensive United States global health strategy to reduce disease burdens and strengthen communities around the world.

(d) Development of a comprehensive 5-Year strategy

The President shall establish a comprehensive, 5-year strategy to combat global malaria that—

(1) strengthens the capacity of the United States to be an effective leader of international efforts to reduce ² malaria burden;

(2) maintains sufficient flexibility and remains responsive to the ever-changing nature of the global malaria challenge;

(3) includes specific objectives and multisectoral approaches and strategies to reduce the prevalence, mortality, incidence, and spread of malaria;

(4) describes how this strategy would contribute to the United States' overall global health and development goals;

(5) clearly explains how outlined activities will interact with other United States Government global health activities, including the 5-year global AIDS strategy required under this chapter;

(6) expands public-private partnerships and leverage of resources;

(7) coordinates among relevant Federal agencies to maximize human and financial resources and to reduce duplication among these agencies, foreign governments, and international organizations;

(8) coordinates with other international entities, including the Global Fund;

(9) maximizes United States capabilities in the areas of technical assistance and training and research, including vaccine research; and

(10) establishes priorities and selection criteria for the distribution of resources based on factors such as—

(A) the size and demographics of the population with malaria;

(B) the needs of that population;

(D) the ability to closely coordinate United States Government efforts with national malaria control plans of partner countries.

(Pub. L. 108–25, title III, §303, May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 736; Pub. L. 110–293, title III, §303(b), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2960.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (d)(5), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 108–25, May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 711, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7601 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section is comprised of section 303 of Pub. L. 108–25. Subsec. (a) and another subsec. (c) of section 303 of Pub. L. 108–25, respectively, enacted section 2151b–4 of this title and amended section 2151b of this title.

Amendments

2008—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 110–293, §303(b)(1)(A), substituted "$5,000,000,000 during the 5-year period beginning on October 1, 2008" for "such sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 2004 through 2008".

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 110–293, §303(b)(1)(B), substituted "fiscal years 2009 through 2013" for "fiscal years 2004 through 2008".

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 110–293, §303(b)(2), added subsecs. (c) relating to statement of policy and (d).

¹ So in original. Probably should be followed by a second closing parenthesis.

² So in original. Probably should be followed by "the".

§7634. Malaria response Coordinator

(a) In general

There is established within the United States Agency for International Development a Coordinator of United States Government Activities to Combat Malaria Globally (referred to in this section as the "Malaria Coordinator"), who shall be appointed by the President.

(b) Authorities

The Malaria Coordinator, acting through nongovernmental organizations (including faith-based and community-based organizations), partner country finance, health, and other relevant ministries, and relevant executive branch agencies as may be necessary and appropriate to carry out this section, is authorized to—

(1) operate internationally to carry out prevention, care, treatment, support, capacity development, and other activities to reduce the prevalence, mortality, and incidence of malaria;

(2) provide grants to, and enter into contracts and cooperative agreements with, nongovernmental organizations (including faith-based organizations) to carry out this section; and

(3) transfer and allocate executive branch agency funds that have been appropriated for the purposes described in paragraphs (1) and (2).

(c) Duties

(1) In general

The Malaria Coordinator has primary responsibility for the oversight and coordination of all resources and international activities of the United States Government relating to efforts to combat malaria.

(2) Specific duties

The Malaria Coordinator shall—

(A) facilitate program and policy coordination of antimalarial efforts among relevant executive branch agencies and nongovernmental organizations by auditing, monitoring, and evaluating such programs;

(B) ensure that each relevant executive branch agency undertakes antimalarial programs primarily in those areas in which the agency has the greatest expertise, technical capability, and potential for success;

(D) coordinate planning, implementation, and evaluation with the Global AIDS Coordinator in countries in which both programs have a significant presence;

(E) coordinate with national governments, international agencies, civil society, and the private sector; and

(F) establish due diligence criteria for all recipients of funds appropriated by the Federal Government for malaria assistance.

(d) Assistance for the World Health Organization

In carrying out this section, the President may provide financial assistance to the Roll Back Malaria Partnership of the World Health Organization to improve the capacity of countries with high rates of malaria and other affected countries to implement comprehensive malaria control programs.

(e) Coordination of assistance efforts

In carrying out this section and in accordance with section 2151b–4 of this title, the Malaria Coordinator shall coordinate the provision of assistance by working with—

(1) relevant executive branch agencies, including—

(A) the Department of State (including the Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator);

(B) the Department of Health and Human Services;

(D) the Office of the United States Trade Representative;

(2) relevant multilateral institutions, including—

(A) the World Health Organization;

(B) the United Nations Children's Fund;

(D) the Global Fund;

(E) the World Bank; and

(F) the Roll Back Malaria Partnership;

(3) program delivery and efforts to lift barriers that would impede effective and comprehensive malaria control programs; and

(4) partner or recipient country governments and national entities including universities and civil society organizations (including faith- and community-based organizations).

(f) Research

To carry out this section, the Malaria Coordinator, in accordance with section 2151b–4 of this title, shall ensure that operations and implementation research conducted under this chapter will closely complement the clinical and program research being undertaken by the National Institutes of Health. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should advise the Malaria Coordinator on priorities for operations and implementation research and should be a key implementer of this research.

(g) Monitoring

To ensure that adequate malaria controls are established and implemented, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should advise the Malaria Coordinator on monitoring, surveillance, and evaluation activities and be a key implementer of such activities under this chapter. Such activities shall complement, rather than duplicate, the work of the World Health Organization.

(h) Annual report

(1) Submission

Not later than 1 year after July 30, 2008, and annually thereafter, the President shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees that describes United States assistance for the prevention, treatment, control, and elimination of malaria.

(2) Contents

The report required under paragraph (1) shall describe—

(A) the countries and activities to which malaria resources have been allocated;

(B) the number of people reached through malaria assistance programs, including data on children and pregnant women;

(D) the collaboration and coordination of United States antimalarial efforts with the World Health Organization, the Global Fund, the World Bank, other donor governments, major private efforts, and relevant executive agencies;

(E) the coordination of United States antimalarial efforts with the national malarial strategies of other donor or partner governments and major private initiatives;

(F) the estimated impact of United States assistance on childhood mortality and morbidity from malaria;

(G) the coordination of antimalarial efforts with broader health and development programs; and

(H) the constraints on implementation of programs posed by health workforce shortages or capacities; and

(I) the number of personnel trained as health workers and the training levels achieved.

(Pub. L. 108–25, title III, §304, May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 737; Pub. L. 110–293, title III, §304, July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2961.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (f) and (g), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 108–25, May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 711, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7601 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2008—Pub. L. 110–293 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section consisted of subsecs. (a) to (h) relating to a pilot program for the placement of health care professionals in overseas areas severely affected by HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title.

§7635. Report on treatment activities by relevant executive branch agencies

(a) In general

Not later than 15 months after May 27, 2003, the President shall submit to appropriate congressional committees a report on the programs and activities of the relevant executive branch agencies that are directed to the treatment of individuals in foreign countries infected with HIV or living with AIDS.

(b) Report elements

The report shall include—

(1) a description of the activities of relevant executive branch agencies with respect to—

(A) the treatment of opportunistic infections;

(B) the use of antiretrovirals;

(D) technical assistance and training of local health care workers (in countries affected by the pandemic) to administer antiretrovirals, manage side effects, and monitor patients' viral loads and immune status;

(E) the status of strategies to promote sustainability of HIV/AIDS pharmaceuticals (including antiretrovirals) and the effects of drug resistance on HIV/AIDS patients; and

(F) the status of appropriate law enforcement officials working to ensure that HIV/AIDS pharmaceutical treatment is not diminished through illegal counterfeiting and black market sales of such pharmaceuticals;

(2) information on existing pilot projects, including a discussion of why a given population was selected, the number of people treated, the cost of treatment, the mechanisms established to ensure that treatment is being administered effectively and safely, and plans for scaling up pilot projects (including projected timelines and required resources); and

(3) an explanation of how those activities relate to efforts to prevent the transmission of the HIV infection.

(Pub. L. 108–25, title III, §305, May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 739.)

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title, and Memorandum of President of Feb. 23, 2004, 69 F.R. 9509, set out as a note under section 7611 of this title.

§7636. Study on illegal diversions of prescription drugs

Not later than 180 days after May 27, 2003, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, in coordination with other agencies, shall submit a report to the Congress that includes the following:

(1) A thorough accounting of evidence indicating illegal diversion into the United States of prescription drugs donated or sold for humanitarian efforts, and an estimate of the extent of such diversion.

(2) Recommendations to increase the administrative and enforcement powers of the United States to identify, monitor, and prevent the illegal diversion into the United States of prescription drugs donated or sold for humanitarian efforts.

(3) Recommendations and guidelines to advise and provide technical assistance to developing countries on how to implement a program that minimizes diversion into the United States of prescription drugs donated or sold for humanitarian efforts.

(Pub. L. 108–25, title III, §307, May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 740.)

Part B—Assistance for Women, Children, and Families

§7651. Findings

Congress makes the following findings:

(1) Approximately 2,000 children around the world are infected each day with HIV through mother-to-child transmission. Transmission can occur during pregnancy, labor, and delivery or through breast feeding. Over 90 percent of these cases are in developing nations with little or no access to public health facilities.

(2) Mother-to-child transmission is largely preventable with the proper application of pharmaceuticals, therapies, and other public health interventions.

(3) Certain antiretroviral drugs reduce mother-to-child transmission by nearly 50 percent. Universal availability of this drug could prevent up to 400,000 infections per year and dramatically reduce the number of AIDS-related deaths.

(4) At the United Nations Special Session on HIV/AIDS in June 2001, the United States committed to the specific goals with respect to the prevention of mother-to-child transmission, including the goals of reducing the proportion of infants infected with HIV by 20 percent by the year 2005 and by 50 percent by the year 2010, as specified in the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at the Special Session.

(5) Several United States Government agencies including the United States Agency for International Development and the Centers for Disease Control are already supporting programs to prevent mother-to-child transmission in resource-poor nations and have the capacity to expand these programs rapidly by working closely with foreign governments and nongovernmental organizations.

(6) Efforts to prevent mother-to-child transmission can provide the basis for a broader response that includes care and treatment of mothers, fathers, and other family members who are infected with HIV or living with AIDS.

(7) HIV/AIDS has devastated the lives of countless children and families across the globe. Since the epidemic began, an estimated 13,200,000 children under the age of 15 have been orphaned by AIDS, that is they have lost their mother or both parents to the disease. The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimates that this number will double by the year 2010.

(8) HIV/AIDS also targets young people between the ages of 15 to 24, particularly young women, many of whom carry the burden of caring for family members living with HIV/AIDS. An estimated 10,300,000 young people are now living with HIV/AIDS. One-half of all new infections are occurring among this age group.

(Pub. L. 108–25, title III, §311, May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 740.)

§7652. Policy and requirements

(a) Policy

The United States Government's response to the global HIV/AIDS pandemic should place high priority on the prevention of mother-to-child transmission, the care and treatment of family members and caregivers, and the care of children orphaned by AIDS. To the maximum extent possible, the United States Government should seek to leverage its funds by seeking matching contributions from the private sector, other national governments, and international organizations.

(b) Requirements

The 5-year United States Government strategy required by section 7611 of this title shall—

(1) establish a target for the prevention and treatment of mother-to-child transmission of HIV that, by 2013, will reach at least 80 percent of pregnant women in those countries most affected by HIV/AIDS in which the United States has HIV/AIDS programs;

(2) establish a target that, by 2013, the proportion of children receiving care and treatment under this chapter is proportionate to their numbers within the population of HIV infected individuals in each country;

(3) integrate care and treatment with prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programs to improve outcomes for HIV-affected women and families as soon as is feasible and support strategies that promote successful follow-up and continuity of care of mother and child;

(4) expand programs designed to care for children orphaned by, affected by, or vulnerable to HIV/AIDS;

(5) ensure that women in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programs are provided with, or referred to, appropriate maternal and child services; and

(6) develop a timeline for expanding access to more effective regimes to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, consistent with the national policies of countries in which programs are administered under this chapter and the goal of achieving universal use of such regimes as soon as possible.

(c) Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission Expert Panel

(1) Establishment

The Global AIDS Coordinator shall establish a panel of experts to be known as the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission Panel (referred to in this subsection as the "Panel") to—

(A) provide an objective review of activities to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV; and

(B) provide recommendations to the Global AIDS Coordinator and to the appropriate congressional committees for scale-up of mother-to-child transmission prevention services under this chapter in order to achieve the target established in subsection (b)(1).

(2) Membership

The Panel shall be convened and chaired by the Global AIDS Coordinator, who shall serve as a nonvoting member. The Panel shall consist of not more than 15 members (excluding the Global AIDS Coordinator), to be appointed by the Global AIDS Coordinator not later than 1 year after July 30, 2008, including—

(A) 2 members from the Department of Health and Human Services with expertise relating to the prevention of mother-to-child transmission activities;

(B) 2 members from the United States Agency for International Development with expertise relating to the prevention of mother-to-child transmission activities;

(C) 2 representatives from among health ministers of national governments of foreign countries in which programs under this chapter are administered;

(D) 3 members representing organizations implementing prevention of mother-to-child transmission activities under this chapter;

(E) 2 health care researchers with expertise relating to global HIV/AIDS activities; and

(F) representatives from among patient advocate groups, health care professionals, persons living with HIV/AIDS, and non-governmental organizations with expertise relating to the prevention of mother-to-child transmission activities, giving priority to individuals in foreign countries in which programs under this chapter are administered.

(3) Duties of Panel

The Panel shall—

(A) assess the effectiveness of current activities in reaching the target described in subsection (b)(1);

(B) review scientific evidence related to the provision of mother-to-child transmission prevention services, including programmatic data and data from clinical trials;

(C) review and assess ways in which the Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator collaborates with international and multilateral entities on efforts to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in affected countries;

(D) identify barriers and challenges to increasing access to mother-to-child transmission prevention services and evaluate potential mechanisms to alleviate those barriers and challenges;

(E) identify the extent to which stigma has hindered pregnant women from obtaining HIV counseling and testing or returning for results, and provide recommendations to address such stigma and its effects;

(F) identify opportunities to improve linkages between mother-to-child transmission prevention services and care and treatment programs; and

(G) recommend specific activities to facilitate reaching the target described in subsection (b)(1).

(4) Report

(A) In general

Not later than 1 year after the date on which the Panel is first convened, the Panel shall submit a report containing a detailed statement of the recommendations, findings, and conclusions of the Panel to the appropriate congressional committees.

(B) Availability

The report submitted under subparagraph (A) shall be made available to the public.

(C) Consideration by Coordinator

The Coordinator shall—

(i) consider any recommendations contained in the report submitted under subparagraph (A); and

(ii) include in the annual report required under section 2151b–2(f) of this title a description of the activities conducted in response to the recommendations made by the Panel and an explanation of any recommendations not implemented at the time of the report.

(5) Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated to the Panel such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2009 through 2011 to carry out this section.

(6) Termination

The Panel shall terminate on the date that is 60 days after the date on which the Panel submits the report to the appropriate congressional committees under paragraph (4).

(Pub. L. 108–25, title III, §312, May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 741; Pub. L. 110–293, title III, §§307, 309, July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2963, 2964.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (b)(2), (6) and (c)(1), (2), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 108–25, May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 711, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7601 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2008—Subsec. (b)(1) to (6). Pub. L. 110–293, §307, added pars. (1) to (6) and struck out former pars. (1) to (3) which read as follows:

"(1) provide for meeting or exceeding the goal to reduce the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV by 20 percent by 2005 and by 50 percent by 2010;

"(2) include programs to make available testing and treatment to HIV-positive women and their family members, including drug treatment and therapies to prevent mother-to-child transmission; and

"(3) expand programs designed to care for children orphaned by AIDS."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–293, §309, added subsec. (c).

§7653. Annual reports on prevention of mother-to-child transmission of the HIV infection

(a) In general

Not later than 1 year after May 27, 2003, and annually thereafter for a period of 10 years, the President shall submit to appropriate congressional committees a report on the activities of relevant executive branch agencies during the reporting period to assist in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of the HIV infection.

(b) Report elements

Each report shall include—

(1) a statement of whether or not all relevant executive branch agencies have met the goal described in section 7652(b)(1) of this title; and

(2) a description of efforts made by the relevant executive branch agencies to expand those activities, including—

(A) information on the number of sites supported for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of the HIV infection;

(B) the specific activities supported;

(D) the number of women receiving preventative drug therapies.

(c) Reporting period defined

In this section, the term "reporting period" means, in the case of the initial report, the period since May 27, 2003, and, in the case of any subsequent report, the period since the date of submission of the most recent report.

(Pub. L. 108–25, title III, §313, May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 741; Pub. L. 110–293, title III, §308, July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2964.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–293 substituted "10 years" for "5 years".

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

§7654. Pilot program of assistance for children and families affected by HIV/AIDS

(a) In general

The President, acting through the United States Agency for International Development, should establish a program of assistance that would demonstrate the feasibility of the provision of care and treatment to orphans and other children and young people affected by HIV/AIDS in foreign countries.

(b) Program requirements

The program should—

(1) build upon and be integrated into programs administered as of May 27, 2003, by the relevant executive branch agencies for children affected by HIV/AIDS;

(2) work in conjunction with indigenous community-based programs and activities, particularly those that offer proven services for children;

(3) reduce the stigma of HIV/AIDS to encourage vulnerable children infected with HIV or living with AIDS and their family members and caregivers to avail themselves of voluntary counseling and testing, and related programs, including treatments;

(4) ensure the importance of inheritance rights of women, particularly women in African countries, due to the exponential growth in the number of young widows, orphaned girls, and grandmothers becoming heads of households as a result of the HIV/AIDS pandemic;

(5) provide, in conjunction with other relevant executive branch agencies, the range of services for the care and treatment, including the provision of antiretrovirals and other necessary pharmaceuticals, of children, parents, and caregivers infected with HIV or living with AIDS;

(6) provide nutritional support and food security, and the improvement of overall family health;

(7) work with parents, caregivers, and community-based organizations to provide children with educational opportunities; and

(8) provide appropriate counseling and legal assistance for the appointment of guardians and the handling of other issues relating to the protection of children.

(c) Report

Not later than 18 months after May 27, 2003, the President should submit a report on the implementation of this section to the appropriate congressional committees. Such report should include a description of activities undertaken to carry out subsection (b)(4).

(d) Authorization of appropriations

(1) In general

In addition to amounts otherwise available for such purpose, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President, from amounts authorized to be appropriated under section 7671 of this title, such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2004 through 2008 to carry out the program. A significant percentage of the amount appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under the preceding sentence for a fiscal year should be made available to carry out subsection (b)(4).

(2) Availability of funds

Amounts appropriated pursuant to paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended.

(Pub. L. 108–25, title III, §314, May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 742.)

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title.

§7655. Pilot program on family survival partnerships

(a) Purpose

The purpose of this section is to authorize the President to establish a program, through a public-private partnership, for the provision of medical care and support services to HIV positive parents and their children identified through existing programs to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in countries with or at risk for severe HIV epidemic with particular attention to resource constrained countries.

(b) Grants

(1) In general

The President is authorized to establish a program for the award of grants to eligible administrative organizations to enable such organizations to award subgrants to eligible entities to expand activities to prevent the mother-to-child transmission of HIV by providing medical care and support services to HIV infected parents and their children.

(2) Use of funds

Amounts provided under a grant awarded under paragraph (1) shall be used—

(A) to award subgrants to eligible entities to enable such entities to carry out activities described in subsection (c);

(B) for administrative support and subgrant management;

(D) for the monitoring and evaluation of grant activities;

(E) for training and technical assistance for subgrantees; and

(F) to promote sustainability.

(c) Subgrants

(1) In general

An organization awarded a grant under subsection (b) shall use amounts received under the grant to award subgrants to eligible entities.

(2) Eligibility

To be eligible to receive a subgrant under paragraph (1), an entity shall—

(A) be a local health organization, an international organization, or a partnership of such organizations; and

(B) demonstrate to the awarding organization that such entity—

(i) is currently administering a proven intervention to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in countries with or at risk for severe HIV epidemic with particular attention to resource constrained countries, as determined by the President;

(ii) has demonstrated support for the proposed program from relevant government entities; and

(iii) is able to provide HIV care, including antiretroviral treatment when medically indicated, to HIV positive women, men, and children with the support of the project funding.

(3) Local health and international organizations

For purposes of paragraph (2)(A)—

(A) the term "local health organization" means a public sector health system, nongovernmental organization, institution of higher education, community-based organization, or nonprofit health system that provides directly, or has a clear link with a provider for the indirect provision of, primary health care services; and

(B) the term "international organization" means—

(i) a nonprofit international entity;

(ii) an international charitable institution;

(iii) a private voluntary international entity; or

(iv) a multilateral institution.

(4) Priority requirement

In awarding subgrants under this subsection, the organization shall give priority to eligible applicants that are currently administering a program of proven intervention to HIV positive individuals to prevent mother-to-child transmission in countries with or at risk for severe HIV epidemic with particular attention to resource constrained countries, and who are currently administering a program to HIV positive women, men, and children to provide life-long care in family-centered care programs using non-Federal funds.

(5) Selection of subgrant recipients

In awarding subgrants under this subsection, the organization should—

(A) consider applicants from a range of health care settings, program approaches, and geographic locations; and

(B) if appropriate, award not less than 1 grant to an applicant to fund a national system of health care delivery to HIV positive families.

(6) Use of subgrant funds

An eligible entity awarded a subgrant under this subsection shall use subgrant funds to expand activities to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV by providing medical treatment and care and support services to parents and their children, which may include—

(A) providing treatment and therapy, when medically indicated, to HIV-infected women, their children, and families;

(B) the hiring and training of local personnel, including physicians, nurses, other health care providers, counselors, social workers, outreach personnel, laboratory technicians, data managers, and administrative support personnel;

(C) paying laboratory costs, including costs related to necessary equipment and diagnostic testing and monitoring (including rapid testing), complete blood counts, standard chemistries, and liver function testing for infants, children, and parents, and costs related to the purchase of necessary laboratory equipment;

(D) purchasing pharmaceuticals for HIV-related conditions, including antiretroviral therapies;

(E) funding support services, including adherence and psychosocial support services;

(F) operational support activities; and

(G) conducting community outreach and capacity building activities, including activities to raise the awareness of individuals of the program carried out by the subgrantee, other communications activities in support of the program, local advisory board functions, and transportation necessary to ensure program participation.

(d) Reports

The President shall require that each organization awarded a grant under subsection (b)(1) to submit an annual report that includes—

(1) the progress of programs funded under this section;

(2) the benchmarks of success of programs funded under this section; and

(3) recommendations of how best to proceed with the programs funded under this section upon the expiration of funding under subsection (e).

(e) Funding

There are authorized to be appropriated to the President, from amounts authorized to be appropriated under section 7671 of this title, such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2004 through 2008 to carry out the program.

(f) Limitation on administrative expenses

An organization shall ensure that not more than 7 percent of the amount of a grant received under this section by the organization is used for administrative expenses.

(Pub. L. 108–25, title III, §315, May 27, 2003, 117 Stat. 743.)

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title.