CHAPTER 86—EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS REDUCTION

        

§7701. Congressional findings

The Congress finds and declares the following:

(1) All 50 States, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, are vulnerable to the hazards of earthquakes, and at least 39 of them are subject to major or moderate seismic risk, including Alaska, California, Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, South Carolina Tennessee,,¹ Utah, and Washington. A large portion of the population of the United States lives in areas vulnerable to earthquake hazards.

(2) Earthquakes have caused, and can cause in the future, enormous loss of life, injury, destruction of property, and economic and social disruption. With respect to future earthquakes, such loss, destruction, and disruption can be substantially reduced through the development and implementation of earthquake hazards reduction measures, including (A) improved design and construction methods and practices, (B) land-use controls and redevelopment, (C) early-warning systems, (D) coordinated emergency preparedness plans, and (E) public education and involvement programs.

(3) An expertly staffed and adequately financed earthquake hazards reduction program, based on Federal, State, local, and private research, planning, decisionmaking, and contributions would reduce the risk of such loss, destruction, and disruption in seismic areas by an amount far greater than the cost of such program.

(4) A well-funded seismological research program could provide the scientific understanding needed to fully implement an effective earthquake early warning system.

(5) The geological study of active faults and features can reveal how recently and how frequently major earthquakes have occurred on those faults and how much risk they pose. Such long-term seismic risk assessments are needed in virtually every aspect of earthquake hazards management, whether emergency planning, public regulation, detailed building design, insurance rating, or investment decision.

(6) The vulnerability of buildings, lifeline infrastructure, public works, and industrial and emergency facilities can be reduced through proper earthquake resistant design and construction practices. The economy and efficacy of such procedures can be substantially increased through research and development.

(7) Programs and practices of departments and agencies of the United States are important to the communities they serve; some functions, such as emergency communications and national defense, and lifeline infrastructure, such as dams, bridges, and public works, must remain in service during and after an earthquake. Federally owned, operated, and influenced structures and lifeline infrastructure should serve as models for how to reduce and minimize hazards to the community.

(8) The implementation of earthquake hazards reduction measures would, as an added benefit, also reduce the risk of loss, destruction, and disruption from other natural hazards and manmade hazards, including hurricanes, tornadoes, accidents, explosions, landslides, building and structural cave-ins, and fires.

(9) Reduction of loss, destruction, and disruption from earthquakes will depend on the actions of individuals, and organizations in the private sector and governmental units at Federal, State, and local levels. The current capability to transfer knowledge and information to these sectors is insufficient. Improved mechanisms are needed to translate existing information and research findings into reasonable and usable specifications, criteria, and practices so that individuals, organizations, and governmental units may make informed decisions and take appropriate actions.

(10) Severe earthquakes are a worldwide problem. Since damaging earthquakes occur infrequently in any one nation, international cooperation is desirable for mutual learning from limited experiences.

(11) An effective Federal program in earthquake hazards reduction will require input from and review by persons outside the Federal Government expert in the sciences of earthquake hazards reduction and in the practical application of earthquake hazards reduction measures.

(12) The built environment has generally been constructed and maintained to meet the needs of the users under normal conditions. When earthquakes occur, the built environment is generally designed to prevent severe injuries or loss of human life and is not expected to remain operational or able to recover under any specified schedule.

(13) The National Research Council published a study on reducing hazards and risks associated with earthquakes based on the goals and objectives for achieving national earthquake resilience described in the strategic plan entitled "Strategic Plan for the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program". The study and an accompanying report called for work in 18 tasks focused on research, preparedness, and mitigation and annual funding of approximately $300,000,000 per year for 20 years.

(Pub. L. 95–124, §2, Oct. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 1098; Pub. L. 101–614, §2, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3231; Pub. L. 115–307, §2(a), Dec. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 4408.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Par. (1). Pub. L. 115–307, §2(a)(1), inserted ", and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico," after "States", "Oregon," after "New York,", and "Tennessee," after "South Carolina".

Par. (2)(C). Pub. L. 115–307, §2(a)(2), struck out "prediction techniques and" before "early-warning systems,".

Par. (4). Pub. L. 115–307, §2(a)(3), added par. (4) and struck out former par. (4) which read as follows: "A well-funded seismological research program in earthquake prediction could provide data adequate for the design, of an operational system that could predict accurately the time, place, magnitude, and physical effects of earthquakes in selected areas of the United States."

Pars. (6), (7). Pub. L. 115–307, §2(a)(4), substituted "lifeline infrastructure" for "lifelines" wherever appearing.

Pars. (12), (13). Pub. L. 115–307, §2(a)(5), added pars. (12) and (13).

1990—Pars. (5) to (11). Pub. L. 101–614 added pars. (5) to (7), struck out former pars. (5) and (6), and redesignated former pars. (7) to (10) as (8) to (11), respectively. Prior to amendment, pars. (5) and (6) read as follows:

"(5) An operational earthquake prediction system can produce significant social, economic, legal, and political consequences.

"(6) There is a scientific basis for hypothesizing that major earthquakes may be moderated, in at least some seismic areas, by application of the findings of earthquake control and seismological research."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Short Title of 2018 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–307, §1, Dec. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 4408, provided that: "This Act [amending this section and sections 7702 to 7704, 7705b, 7705c, and 7705e to 7707 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 7704 of this title] may be cited as the 'National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Reauthorization Act of 2018'."

Short Title of 2004 Amendment

Pub. L. 108–360, title I, §101, Oct. 25, 2004, 118 Stat. 1668, provided that: "This title [amending sections 7703, 7704, and 7706 to 7708 of this title] may be cited as the 'National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Reauthorization Act of 2004'."

Short Title of 2000 Amendment

Pub. L. 106–503, title II, §201, Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2304, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 7707 to 7709 of this title, amending sections 7703, 7704, and 7706 of this title, repealing section 7705d of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under this section, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 7704 of this title] may be cited as the 'Earthquake Hazards Reduction Authorization Act of 2000'."

Short Title of 1990 Amendment

Pub. L. 101–614, §1, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3231, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 7705a to 7705e, amending this section and sections 7702 to 7705, and 7706 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 7704, 7705b, and 7705e of this title] may be cited as the 'National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Reauthorization Act'."

Short Title

Pub. L. 95–124, §1, Oct. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 1098, provided: "That this Act [enacting this chapter] may be cited as the 'Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977'."

Report on At-Risk Populations

Pub. L. 106–503, title II, §207, Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2307, required the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency to transmit to Congress a report no later than 1 year after Nov. 13, 2000, describing the elements of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program that specifically addressed the needs of at-risk populations.

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Functions of President under Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 delegated, transferred, or reassigned to Secretary of Homeland Security pursuant to sections 1–104 and 4–204 of Ex. Ord. No. 12148, July 20, 1979, 44 F.R. 43239, as amended, set out as a note under section 5195 of this title.

¹ So in original.

§7702. Congressional statement of purpose

It is the purpose of the Congress in this chapter to reduce the risks of life and property from future earthquakes and increase the resilience of communities in the United States through the establishment and maintenance of an effective earthquake hazards reduction program. The objectives of such program shall include—

(1) the education of the public, including State and local officials, as to earthquake phenomena, the identification of locations and structures which are especially susceptible to earthquake damage, ways to reduce the adverse consequences of an earthquake to individuals and the communities, and related matters;

(2) the development of technologically and economically feasible design and construction methods and procedures to make new and existing structures, in areas of seismic risk, earthquake resistant, giving priority to the development of such methods and procedures for power generating plants, dams, hospitals, schools, public utilities and other lifeline infrastructure, public safety structures, high occupancy buildings, and other structures which are especially needed to facilitate community-wide post-earthquake recovery and in times of disaster;

(3) the implementation to the greatest extent practicable, in all areas of high or moderate seismic risk, of a system (including personnel, technology, and procedures) for identifying, evaluating, and accurately characterizing seismic hazards;

(4) the development, publication, and promotion, in conjunction with State and local officials and professional organizations, of model building and planning codes and other means to encourage consideration of information about seismic risk in making decisions about land-use policy and construction activity;

(5) the development, in areas of seismic risk, of improved understanding of, and capability with respect to, earthquake-related issues, including methods of mitigating the risks from earthquakes, planning to prevent such risks, disseminating warnings of earthquakes, organization emergency services, and planning for re-occupancy, recovery, reconstruction, and redevelopment after an earthquake;

(6) the development of ways to increase the use of existing scientific and engineering knowledge to mitigate earthquake hazards; and

(7) the development of ways to assure the availability of affordable earthquake insurance.

(Pub. L. 95–124, §3, Oct. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 1099; Pub. L. 101–614, §3, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3231; Pub. L. 115–307, §2(b), (c)(1)(B), Dec. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 4408, 4409.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–307, §2(b)(1), inserted "and increase the resilience of communities" after "future earthquakes" in introductory provisions.

Par. (1). Pub. L. 115–307, §2(b)(2), inserted "to individuals and the communities" after "an earthquake".

Par. (2). Pub. L. 115–307, §2(b)(3), (c)(1)(B), substituted "lifeline infrastructure" for "lifelines" and "to facilitate community-wide post-earthquake recovery and in times of disaster" for "in time of disaster".

Par. (3). Pub. L. 115–307, §2(b)(4), struck out "for predicting damaging earthquakes and" before "for identifying,".

Par. (4). Pub. L. 115–307, §2(b)(5), inserted "and planning" after "model building".

Par. (5). Pub. L. 115–307, §2(b)(6), substituted "re-occupancy, recovery, reconstruction," for "reconstruction".

1990—Pub. L. 101–614 inserted sentence at end, listing objectives of program.

§7703. Definitions

As used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires:

(1) The term "includes" and variants thereof should be read as if the phrase "but is not limited to" were also set forth.

(2) The term "Program" means the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program established under section 7704 of this title.

(3) The term "seismic" and variants thereof mean having to do with, or caused by earthquakes.

(4) The term "State" means each of the States of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Mariana Islands, and any other territory or possession of the United States.

(5) The term "United States" means, when used in a geographical sense, all of the States as defined in paragraph (4).

(6) The term "lifeline infrastructure" means public works and utilities, including transportation facilities and infrastructure, oil and gas pipelines, electrical power and communication facilities and infrastructure, and water supply and sewage treatment facilities.

(7) The term "Program agencies" means the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the United States Geological Survey, the National Science Foundation, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

(8) The term "Interagency Coordinating Committee" means the Interagency Coordinating Committee on Earthquake Hazards Reduction established under section 7704(a) of this title.

(9) The term "Advisory Committee" means the Advisory Committee established under section 7704(a)(5) of this title.

(10) The term "community resilience" means the ability of a community to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse seismic events.

(Pub. L. 95–124, §4, Oct. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 1099; Pub. L. 101–614, §4, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3232; Pub. L. 106–503, title II, §209, Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2308; Pub. L. 108–360, title I, §102, Oct. 25, 2004, 118 Stat. 1668; Pub. L. 115–307, §2(c)(1)(A), (2), Dec. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 4409.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Par. (6). Pub. L. 115–307, §2(c)(1)(A), substituted "lifeline infrastructure" for "lifelines".

Par. (10). Pub. L. 115–307, §2(c)(2), added par. (10).

2004—Pars. (8), (9). Pub. L. 108–360 added pars. (8) and (9).

2000—Par. (6). Pub. L. 106–503 inserted "and infrastructure" after "communication facilities".

1990—Par. (2). Pub. L. 101–614, §4(1), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "The term 'program' means the earthquake hazards reduction program established under section 7704 of this title."

Pars. (6), (7). Pub. L. 101–614, §4(2), added pars. (6) and (7).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Transfer of Functions

For transfer of all functions, personnel, assets, components, authorities, grant programs, and liabilities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including the functions of the Under Secretary for Federal Emergency Management relating thereto, to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, see section 315(a)(1) of Title 6, Domestic Security.

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including the functions of the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see former section 313(1) and sections 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

§7704. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program

(a) Establishment

(1) In general

There is established the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program.

(2) Program activities

The activities of the Program shall be designed to—

(A) develop effective measures for earthquake hazards reduction;

(B) promote the adoption of earthquake hazards reduction measures by Federal, State, and local governments, national standards and model code organizations, architects and engineers, building owners, and others with a role in planning and constructing buildings, structures, and lifeline infrastructure through—

(i) grants, contracts, cooperative agreements, and technical assistance;

(ii) development of standards, guidelines, and voluntary consensus codes for earthquake hazards reduction for buildings, structures, and lifeline infrastructure;

(iii) development and maintenance of a repository of information, including technical data, on seismic risk, community resilience, and hazards reduction; and

(iv) publishing a systematic set of maps of active faults and folds, liquefaction susceptibility, susceptibility for earthquake induced landslides, and other seismically induced hazards; and ¹

(C) improve the understanding of earthquakes and their effects on communities, buildings, structures, and lifeline infrastructure, through interdisciplinary research that involves engineering, natural sciences, and social, economic, and decisions sciences; and

(D) continue the development of the Advanced National Seismic System, including earthquake early warning capabilities and the Global Seismographic Network.

(3) Interagency Coordinating Committee on Earthquake Hazards Reduction

(A) In general

There is established an Interagency Coordinating Committee on Earthquake Hazards Reduction chaired by the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (referred to in this subsection as the "Director").

(B) Membership

In addition to the Director, the committee shall be composed of—

(i) the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency;

(ii) the Director of the United States Geological Survey;

(iii) the Director of the National Science Foundation;

(iv) the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy; and

(v) the Director of the Office of Management and Budget.

(C) Meetings

The Committee shall meet not less frequently than once each year at the call of the Director.

(D) Duties

(i) General duty

The Interagency Coordinating Committee shall oversee the planning, management, and coordination of the Program.

(ii) Specific duties

The duties of the Interagency Coordinating Committee include the following:

(I) Developing, not later than 6 months after October 25, 2004, and updating periodically—

(aa) a strategic plan that establishes goals and priorities for the Program activities described under subsection (a)(2); and

(bb) a detailed management plan to implement such strategic plan.

(II) Developing a coordinated interagency budget for the Program that will ensure appropriate balance among the Program activities described under subsection (a)(2), and, in accordance with the plans developed under subclause (I), submitting such budget to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget at the time designated by the Director for agencies to submit biennial budgets.

(III) Developing interagency memorandums of understanding with any relevant Federal agencies on data sharing and resource commitment in the event of an earthquake disaster.

(IV) Coordinating with the Interagency Coordinating Committee on Windstorm Impact Reduction and other natural hazards coordination committees as the Director determines appropriate to share data and best practices.

(V) Coordinating with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on data sharing and resource allocation to ensure judicious use of Government resources and the free-flowing exchange of information related to earthquakes.

(VI) Coordinating with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of the Interior on the use of public lands for earthquake monitoring and research stations, and related data collection.

(VII) Coordinating with the Secretary of Transportation and the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development on the effects of earthquakes on transportation and housing stocks.

(iii) Assistance from Secretary of Agriculture and Secretary of the Interior

To the extent practicable, the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of the Interior shall expedite any request for a permit to use public land under clause (ii)(VI).

(4) Biennial report

(A) In general

Not less frequently than once every two years, the Interagency Coordinating Committee shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, the Committee on Energy and Commerce, the Committee on Natural Resources, and the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives a report on the Program. Such report shall include—

(i) the Program budget for the current fiscal year for each agency that participates in the Program, and for each major goal established for the Program activities under paragraph (3)(D)(i)(I); ²

(ii) the proposed Program budget for the next fiscal year for each agency that participates in the Program, and for each major goal established for the Program activities under paragraph (3)(D)(i)(I); ²

(iii) a description of the activities and results of the Program during the previous year, including an assessment of the effectiveness of the Program in furthering the goals established in the strategic plan under paragraph (3)(D)(i)(I); ²

(iv) a description of the extent to which the Program has incorporated the recommendations of the Advisory Committee;

(v) a description of activities, including budgets for the current fiscal year and proposed budgets for the next fiscal year, that are carried out by Program agencies and contribute to the Program, but are not included in the Program;

(vi) a description of the activities, including budgets for the current fiscal year and proposed budgets for the following fiscal year, related to the grant program carried out under subsection (b)(2)(A)(i); and

(vii) a statement regarding whether the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency has lowered or waived the cost share requirement for assistance provided under subsection (b)(2)(A)(i).

(B) Support for preparation of report

Each head of a Program agency shall submit to the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology such information as the Director may request for the preparation of a report under subparagraph (A) not later than 90 days after the date on which the Director requests such information.

(5) Advisory Committee

(A) In general

The Director shall establish an Advisory Committee on Earthquake Hazards Reduction of at least 11 members, none of whom may be an employee (as defined in subparagraphs (A) through (F) of section 7342(a)(1) of title 5 ³ including representatives of research and academic institutions, industry standards development organizations, State and local government, and financial communities who are qualified to provide advice on earthquake hazards reduction and represent all related scientific, architectural, and engineering disciplines. The recommendations of the Advisory Committee shall be considered by Federal agencies in implementing the Program.

(B) Assessment

The Advisory Committee shall assess—

(i) trends and developments in the science and engineering of earthquake hazards reduction;

(ii) effectiveness of the Program in carrying out the activities under (a)(2) ⁴;

(iii) the need to revise the Program; and

(iv) the management, coordination, implementation, and activities of the Program.

(C) Report

Not later than 1 year after October 25, 2004, and at least once every 2 years thereafter, the Advisory Committee shall report to the Director on its findings of the assessment carried out under subparagraph (B) and its recommendations for ways to improve the Program. In developing recommendations, the Committee shall consider the recommendations of the United States Geological Survey Scientific Earthquake Studies Advisory Committee.

(D) Application of chapter 10 of title 5

Section 1013 of title 5 shall not apply to the Advisory Committee.

(b) Responsibilities of Program agencies

(1) Lead agency

The National Institute of Standards and Technology shall have the primary responsibility for planning and coordinating the Program. In carrying out this paragraph, the Director of the Institute shall—

(A) ensure that the Program includes the necessary steps to promote the implementation of earthquake hazard reduction measures by Federal, State, and local governments, national standards and model building code organizations, architects and engineers, and others with a role in planning ⁵ constructing, evaluating, and retrofitting buildings and lifeline infrastructure;

(B) support the development of performance-based seismic engineering tools, and work with appropriate groups to promote the commercial application of such tools, through earthquake-related building codes, standards, and construction practices;

(C) request the assistance of Federal agencies other than the Program agencies, as necessary to assist in carrying out this chapter; and

(D) work with the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the National Science Foundation, and the United States Geological Survey, to develop a comprehensive plan for earthquake engineering research to provide new and effectively use existing testing facilities and laboratories (existing at the time of the development of the plan), upgrade facilities and equipment as needed, and integrate new, innovative testing approaches to the research infrastructure in a systematic manner.

(2) Department of Homeland Security; Federal Emergency Management Agency

(A) Program responsibilities

The Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency—

(i) shall operate a program of grants and assistance to enable States to develop mitigation, preparedness, and response plans, purchase necessary instrumentation, prepare inventories and conduct seismic safety inspections of critical structures and lifeline infrastructure, update building, land use planning, and zoning codes and ordinances to enhance seismic safety, increase earthquake awareness and education, and provide assistance to multi-State groups for such purposes;

(ii) shall support the implementation of a comprehensive earthquake education, outreach, and public awareness program, including development of materials and their wide dissemination to all appropriate audiences and support public access to locality-specific information that may assist the public in preparing for, mitigating against, responding to and recovering from earthquakes and related disasters;

(iii) shall, in conjunction with the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, other Federal agencies, and private sector groups, use research results to support the preparation, maintenance, and wide dissemination of seismic resistant design guidance and related information on building codes, standards, and practices for new and existing buildings, structures, and lifeline infrastructure, aid in the development of performance-based design guidelines and methodologies, and support model codes that are cost effective and affordable in order to promote better practices within the design and construction industry and reduce losses from earthquakes;

(iv) shall enter into cooperative agreements or contracts with States and local jurisdictions and other Federal agencies to establish demonstration projects on earthquake hazard mitigation, to link earthquake research and mitigation efforts with emergency management programs, or to prepare educational materials for national distribution; and

(v) shall support the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the completion of programmatic goals.

(B) State assistance program criteria

In order to qualify for assistance under subparagraph (A)(i), a State must—

(i) demonstrate that the assistance will result in enhanced seismic safety in the State;

(ii) provide 25 percent of the costs of the activities for which assistance is being given, except that the Administrator may lower or waive the cost-share requirement for these activities for a small impoverished community, as defined in section 5133 of this title; and

(iii) meet such other requirements as the Administrator shall prescribe.

(3) United States Geological Survey

The United States Geological Survey shall report on significant domestic and international earthquakes and conduct research and other activities necessary to characterize and identify earthquake hazards, assess earthquake risks, monitor seismic activity, and improve earthquake forecasts. In carrying out this paragraph, the Director of the United States Geological Survey shall—

(A) conduct a systematic assessment of the seismic risks in each region of the Nation prone to earthquakes, including, where appropriate, the establishment and operation of intensive monitoring projects on hazardous faults, seismic microzonation studies in urban and other developed areas where earthquake risk is determined to be significant, and engineering seismology studies;

(B) work with officials of State and local governments to ensure that they are knowledgeable about the specific seismic risks in their areas;

(C) develop standard procedures, in consultation with the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, for issuing earthquake alerts and early warnings;

(D) issue when necessary and feasible, and notify the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and State and local officials, an alert and an earthquake warning;

(E) operate, including the National Earthquake Information Center, a forum for the international exchange of earthquake information which shall—

(i) promote the exchange of information on earthquake research and earthquake preparedness between the United States and other nations;

(ii) maintain a library containing selected reports, research papers, and data produced through the Program;

(iii) answer requests from other nations for information on United States earthquake research and earthquake preparedness programs; and

(iv) direct foreign requests to the agency involved in the Program which is best able to respond to the request;

(F) operate a National Seismic System;

(G) support regional seismic networks, which shall complement the National Seismic Network; and ¹

(H) work with the National Science Foundation, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology to develop a comprehensive plan for earthquake engineering research to effectively use existing testing facilities and laboratories (in existence at the time of the development of the plan), upgrade facilities and equipment as needed, and integrate new, innovative testing approaches to the research infrastructure in a systematic manner.⁶

(I) work with other Program agencies to coordinate Program activities with similar earthquake hazards reduction efforts in other countries, to ensure that the Program benefits from relevant information and advances in those countries;

(J) maintain suitable seismic hazard maps and data in support of building codes for structures and lifeline infrastructure, including additional maps needed for performance-based design approaches; and

(K) support the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the completion of programmatic goals.

(4) National Science Foundation

(A) In general

The National Science Foundation shall be responsible for funding research on earth sciences to improve the understanding of the causes and behavior of earthquakes, on earthquake engineering, and on human response to earthquakes. In carrying out this paragraph, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall—

(i) encourage prompt dissemination of significant findings, sharing of data, samples, physical collections, and other supporting materials, and development of intellectual property so research results can be used by appropriate organizations to mitigate earthquake damage;

(ii) in addition to supporting individual investigators, support university research consortia, State agencies, State geological surveys, and centers for research in geosciences and in earthquake engineering;

(iii) work closely with the United States Geological Survey to support applied science in the production of a systematic series of earthquake-related geologic hazard maps, and to identify geographic regions of national concern that should be the focus of targeted solicitations for earthquake-related research proposals;

(iv) support research that improves the safety and performance of buildings, structures, and lifeline systems using experimental and computational facilities;

(v) emphasize, in earthquake engineering research, development of economically feasible methods to retrofit existing buildings and to protect lifeline infrastructure to mitigate earthquake damage;

(vi) support research that studies the political, economic, and social factors that influence the implementation of hazard reduction measures;

(vii) include to the maximum extent practicable diverse institutions, including Historically Black Colleges and Universities and those serving large proportions of Hispanics, Native Americans, Asian-Pacific Americans, and other underrepresented populations;

(viii) develop, in conjunction with the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the United States Geological Survey, a comprehensive plan for earthquake engineering research to effectively use existing testing facilities and laboratories (in existence at the time of the development of the plan), upgrade facilities and equipment as needed, and integrate new, innovative testing approaches to the research infrastructure in a systematic manner; and

(ix) support the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the completion of programmatic goals.

(B) Identification of funding

The National Science Foundation shall—

(i) to the extent practicable, note in any notice of Program funding or other funding possibilities under the Program that the funds are part of the Program;

(ii) to the extent practicable, track the awarding of Federal funds through the Program; and

(iii) not less frequently than once every 2 years, submit to the director of the Program a report specifying the amount of Federal funds awarded to conduct research that enhances the understanding of earthquake science.

(5) National Institute of Standards and Technology

In addition to the lead agency responsibilities described under paragraph (1), the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall be responsible for carrying out research and development to improve community resilience through building codes and standards and practices for structures and lifeline infrastructure. In carrying out this paragraph, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall—

(A) work closely with national standards and model building code organizations, in conjunction with the Agency, to promote the implementation of research results;

(B) promote better building practices among architects and engineers;

(C) work closely with national standards organizations to develop seismic safety standards and practices for new and existing lifeline infrastructure;

(D) support the development and commercial application of cost effective and affordable performance-based seismic engineering by providing technical support for seismic engineering practices and related building code, standards, and practices development; and

(E) work with the National Science Foundation, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the United States Geological Survey to develop a comprehensive plan for earthquake engineering research to effectively use existing testing facilities and laboratories (in existence at the time of the development of the plan), upgrade facilities and equipment as needed, and integrate new, innovative testing approaches to the research infrastructure in a systematic manner.

(c) Budget coordination

(1) Guidance

The Interagency Coordinating Committee shall each year provide guidance to the other Program agencies concerning the preparation of requests for appropriations for activities related to the Program, and shall prepare, in conjunction with the other Program agencies, an annual Program budget to be submitted to the Office of Management and Budget.

(2) Reports

Each Program agency shall include with its annual request for appropriations submitted to the Office of Management and Budget a report that—

(A) identifies each element of the proposed Program activities of the agency;

(B) specifies how each of these activities contributes to the Program; and

(C) states the portion of its request for appropriations allocated to each element of the Program.

(Pub. L. 95–124, §5, Oct. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 1099; Pub. L. 96–472, title I, §101, Oct. 19, 1980, 94 Stat. 2257; Pub. L. 99–105, §§5, 6, Sept. 30, 1985, 99 Stat. 475; Pub. L. 100–252, §2, Feb. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 18; Pub. L. 100–418, title V, §5115(c), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1433; Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §109(u), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4710; Pub. L. 101–614, §5, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3232; Pub. L. 105–47, §3, Oct. 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 1162; Pub. L. 106–503, title II, §§206, 208, Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2307; Pub. L. 108–360, title I, §103, Oct. 25, 2004, 118 Stat. 1669; Pub. L. 115–307, §§2(c)(1)(B), 3(a)–(b)(4)(A), (c)–(f), 8(a)(1), (c), Dec. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 4409–4413, 4417; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(271), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4335.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Paragraph (3)(D), referred to in subsec. (a)(4)(A)(i) to (iii), was amended generally by Pub. L. 115–307, §3(b)(3), Dec. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 4410, and, as so amended, does not contain a cl. (i)(I). For similar provisions after amendment by Pub. L. 115–307, see cl. (ii)(I)(aa) of par. (3)(D).

Section 5133 of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(2)(B)(ii), was in the original "section 203 of the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (42 U.S.C. 5133(a))", and was translated as if it had been a reference to section 203 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, which was formerly known as the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Subsec. (a) of section 5133 of this title defines "small impoverished community".

Amendments

2022—Subsec. (a)(5)(D). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted "Application of chapter 10 of title 5" for "Federal Advisory Committee Act application" in heading and "Section 1013 of title 5" for "Section 14 of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 App. U.S.C. 14)" in text.

2018—Pub. L. 115–307, §2(c)(1)(B), substituted "lifeline infrastructure" for "lifelines" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(a)(1)(A), inserted ", community resilience," after "seismic risk".

Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(iv). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(a)(1)(B), added cl. (iv).

Subsec. (a)(2)(D). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(a)(2), substituted "continue the development of the Advanced National Seismic System, including earthquake early warning capabilities" for "develop, operate, and maintain an Advanced National Seismic Research and Monitoring System established under section 7707 of this title, the George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation established under section 7708 of this title,".

Subsec. (a)(3)(B). Pub. L. 115–307, §8(a)(1)(A), struck out "the directors of" after "composed of" in introductory provisions and inserted "the Administrator of" before "the" in cl. (i) and "the Director of" before "the" in cls. (ii) to (v).

Pub. L. 115–307, §3(b)(1), substituted "In addition to the Director, the committee" for "The committee" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(3)(C). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(b)(2), substituted "not less frequently than once each year" for "not less than 3 times a year".

Subsec. (a)(3)(D). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(b)(3), amended subpar. (D) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (D) set out the purpose and duties of the Interagency Coordinating Committee.

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(b)(4)(A)(ii), (vi), (vii), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and inserted heading, substituted "Not less frequently than once every two years, the Interagency Coordinating Committee shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, the Committee on Energy and Commerce, the Committee on Natural Resources, and the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives a report on the Program" for "The Interagency Coordinating Committee shall transmit, at the time of the President's budget request to Congress, an annual report to the Committee on Science and the Committee on Resources of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate" in introductory provisions, redesignated former subpars. (A) to (F) as cls. (i) to (vi), respectively, of subpar. (A) and realigned margins, and added subpar. (B).

Pub. L. 115–307, §3(b)(4)(A)(i), substituted "Biennial" for "Annual" in heading.

Subsec. (a)(4)(A)(i), (ii). Pub. L. 115–307, §8(c)(1), substituted "paragraph (3)(D)(i)(I)" for "subparagraph (3)(A)".

Subsec. (a)(4)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 115–307, §8(c)(2), substituted "under paragraph (3)(D)(i)(I)" for "under (3)(A)".

Subsec. (a)(4)(A)(vii). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(b)(4)(A)(iii)–(v), added cl. (vii).

Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(c)(1)(A), which directed substitution of "constructing, evaluating, and retrofitting" for "and constructing,", was executed by making the substitution for "and constructing" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (b)(1)(D). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(c)(1)(B), inserted "provide new and" after "research to".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(d), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) related to program responsibilities of the Department of Homeland Security and Federal Emergency Management Agency, State assistance program criteria, and non-Federal cost sharing.

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(e)(1), in introductory provisions, inserted "report on significant domestic and international earthquakes and" before "conduct research" and substituted "forecasts." for "predictions."

Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 115–307, §8(a)(1)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency" for "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency".

Pub. L. 115–307, §3(e)(2), substituted "alerts and early warnings" for "predictions, including aftershock advisories".

Subsec. (b)(3)(D). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(e)(3), added subpar. (D) and struck out former subpar. (D) which read as follows: "issue when necessary, and notify the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology of, an earthquake prediction or other earthquake advisory, which may be evaluated by the National Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council, which shall be exempt from the requirements of section 10(a)(2) of the Federal Advisory Committee Act when meeting for such purposes;".

Subsec. (b)(3)(E). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(e)(4), substituted "including" for "using" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(3)(I). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(e)(5), struck out "and" at end.

Subsec. (b)(3)(J). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(e)(6), inserted "and data" after "hazard maps" and substituted "; and" for period at end.

Subsec. (b)(3)(K). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(e)(7), added subpar. (K).

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(f)(7)–(9), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and inserted heading, redesignated former subpars. (A) to (I) as cls. (i) to (ix), respectively, of subpar. (A), and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (b)(4)(B). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(f)(1), inserted ", State agencies, State geological surveys," after "consortia".

Subsec. (b)(4)(C). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(f)(2), inserted "to support applied science in the production of a systematic series of earthquake-related geologic hazard maps, and" after "Survey".

Subsec. (b)(4)(D). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(f)(3), substituted "experimental and computational facilities" for "large-scale experimental and computational facilities of the George E. Brown Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation and other institutions engaged in research and the implementation of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program".

Subsec. (b)(4)(I). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(f)(4)–(6), added subpar. (I).

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 115–307, §3(c)(2), inserted "community resilience through" after "improve" in introductory provisions.

2004—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–360, §103(1), amended heading and text of subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "There is established a National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program."

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 108–360, §103(2)(A)(i), (iv), in introductory provisions, substituted "National Institute of Standards and Technology shall have the primary responsibility for planning and coordinating the Program. In carrying out this paragraph, the Director of the Institute" for "Federal Emergency Management Agency (hereafter in this chapter referred to as the 'Agency') shall have the primary responsibility for planning and coordinating the Program. In carrying out this paragraph, the Director of the Agency" and struck out concluding provisions which read as follows: "The principal official carrying out the responsibilities described in this paragraph shall be at a level no lower than that of Associate Director."

Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 108–360, §103(2)(A)(ii), (iii), added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "prepare, in conjunction with the other Program agencies, a written plan for the Program, which shall include specific tasks and milestones for each Program agency, and which shall be submitted to the Congress and updated at such times as may be required by significant Program events, but in no event less frequently than every 3 years;".

Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 108–360, §103(2)(A)(ii), redesignated subpar. (D) as (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: "prepare, in conjunction with the other Program agencies, a biennial report, to be submitted to the Congress within 90 days after the end of each even-numbered fiscal year, which shall describe the activities and achievements of the Program during the preceding two fiscal years;".

Subsec. (b)(1)(D), (E). Pub. L. 108–360, §103(2)(A)(ii), (v), redesignated subpar. (E) as (D) and substituted "Federal Emergency Management Agency, the National Science Foundation" for "National Science Foundation, the National Institute of Standards and Technology". Former subpar. (D) redesignated (C).

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 108–360, §103(2)(B), inserted heading, struck out former heading "Federal Emergency Management Agency", added subpar. (A), and struck out heading and text of former subpar. (A) which related to earthquake program responsibilities of the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 108–360, §103(2)(C)(i), inserted "and other activities" after "shall conduct research" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 108–360, §103(2)(C)(ii), substituted "the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology" for "the Agency".

Subsec. (b)(3)(D). Pub. L. 108–360, §103(2)(C)(iii), substituted "the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology" for "the Director of the Agency".

Subsec. (b)(3)(E). Pub. L. 108–360, §103(2)(C)(iv), substituted "operate, using the National Earthquake Information Center, a forum for the international exchange of earthquake information" for "establish, using existing facilities, a Center for the International Exchange of Earthquake Information" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(3)(F). Pub. L. 108–360, §103(2)(C)(v), substituted "System" for "Network".

Subsec. (b)(3)(I), (J). Pub. L. 108–360, §103(2)(C)(vi), added subpars. (I) and (J).

Subsec. (b)(4)(D) to (H). Pub. L. 108–360, §103(2)(D), added subpars. (D) and (G) and redesignated former subpars. (D), (E), and (F) as (E), (F), and (H), respectively.

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 108–360, §103(2)(E), in introductory provisions, substituted "In addition to the lead agency responsibilities described under paragraph (1), the National" for "The National".

Subsec. (b)(5)(D), (E). Pub. L. 108–360, §103(2)(F), added subpar. (D) and redesignated former subpar. (D) as (E).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 108–360, §103(3), substituted "Interagency Coordinating Committee" for "Agency".

2000—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 106–503, §206(1), redesignated subpars. (B) to (F) as (A) to (E), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "prepare, in conjunction with the other Program agencies, an annual budget for the Program to be submitted to the Office of Management and Budget;".

Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 106–503, §208, inserted before semicolon at end ", and development of means of increasing public access to available locality-specific information that may assist the public in preparing for or responding to earthquakes".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–503, §206(2), added subsec. (c).

1997—Subsec. (b)(1)(F). Pub. L. 105–47, §3(b), added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (b)(3)(H). Pub. L. 105–47, §3(c), added subpar. (H).

Subsec. (b)(4)(F). Pub. L. 105–47, §3(a), added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (b)(5)(D). Pub. L. 105–47, §3(d), added subpar. (D).

1990—Pub. L. 101–614 amended section generally, substituting present provisions consisting of subsecs. (a) and (b) for former provisions which provided for: in subsec. (a), establishment of program; in subsec. (b), duties of President and Director of Federal Emergency Management Agency; in subsec. (c), objectives of program; in subsec. (d), Federal participation; in subsec. (e), research elements; in subsec. (f), mitigation elements; in subsec. (g), State assistance; in subsec. (h), non-Federal participation; in subsec. (i), study and recommendations on disaster relief; and in subsec. (j), cost sharing.

1988—Subsec. (b)(2)(F). Pub. L. 100–418 substituted "National Institute of Standards and Technology" for "National Bureau of Standards".

Subsecs. (g), (i). Pub. L. 100–707 substituted "Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act" for "Disaster Relief Act of 1974".

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 100–252 added subsec. (j).

1985—Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 99–105, §5, amended subpar. (E) generally, substituting "to be submitted to the Congress and updated at such times as may be required by significant program events, but in no event less frequently than every three years;" for "which plan will recommend base and incremental budget options for the agencies to carry out the elements and programs specified through at least 1985, and which plan shall be completed by September 30, 1981, and transmitted to the Congress and shall be updated annually; and".

Subsec. (b)(2)(F), (G). Pub. L. 99–105, §6, added subpar. (F) and redesignated former subpar. (F) as (G).

1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–472, §101(a), inserted provisions relating to non-Federal participation in par. (2), and substituted provisions respecting the elements described in subsec. (f) of this section, for provisions respecting the implementation plan described in subsec. (f) of this section in par. (3).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–472, §101(b), substituted provisions setting forth the duties of the President and the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency with respect to the Program for provisions setting forth the duties of the President with respect to the program and plan.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96–472, §101(c), substituted "(1)(A)" for "(3)(B)", "Department of Commerce" for "National Bureau of Standards", and "Federal Emergency Management Agency" for "National Fire Prevention and Control Administration".

Subsec. (e)(6). Pub. L. 96–472, §101(d), substituted "potential" for "political".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 96–472, §101(e), substituted in provision preceding par. (1), provision directing that the mitigation elements of the program are to be as specified in pars. (1) to (8) for provision authorizing the establishment of a implementation plan, year-by-year targets, and Federal and non-Federal roles, in par. (1), substituted provision including as one of the mitigating elements, issuance of earthquake predictions for provision including in the implementation plan development of measures in preparing for earthquakes, actual predictions, warnings, and insuring a comprehensive response to an earthquake, added pars. (7) and (8), and struck out provision following par. (8), that when the implementation plan developed by the President contemplates specific action to be taken by a Federal agency, department, or entity, and at the end of the 30-day period beginning on the date the President submits such plan to the appropriate authorizing committees of Congress and such action has not been initiated, the President submit to such committees a report why such action has not been taken.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 96–472, §101(f), added subsec. (i).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–307, §3(b)(4)(B), Dec. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 4411, provided that: "The amendments made by subparagraph (A) [amending this section] shall take effect on the first day of the first fiscal year beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 11, 2018]."

Transfer of Functions

For transfer of all functions, personnel, assets, components, authorities, grant programs, and liabilities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including the functions of the Under Secretary for Federal Emergency Management relating thereto, to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, see section 315(a)(1) of Title 6, Domestic Security.

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including the functions of the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see former section 313(1) and sections 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

Real-Time Public Availability of Raw Seismological Data

Pub. L. 107–228, div. B, title XVI, §1602, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1460, provided that: "The head of the Air Force Technical Applications Center shall make available to the public, immediately upon receipt or as soon after receipt as is practicable, all raw seismological data provided to the United States Government by any international monitoring organization that is directly responsible for seismological monitoring."

Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. B, title XI, §1116], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-489, provided that: "The United States Government shall, to the maximum extent practicable, make available to the public in real time, or as quickly as possible, all raw seismological data provided to the United States Government by any international organization that is directly responsible for seismological monitoring."

Authorization of Real-Time Seismic Hazard Warning System Development, and Other Activities

Pub. L. 105–47, §2, Oct. 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 1160, as amended by Pub. L. 106–503, title II, §202(c), Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2305; Pub. L. 107–110, title X, §1076(cc), Jan. 8, 2002, 115 Stat. 2093; Pub. L. 114–95, title IX, §9215(aa), Dec. 10, 2015, 129 Stat. 2172, provided that:

"(a) Automatic Seismic Warning System Development.—

"(1) Definitions.—In this section:

"(A) Director.—The term 'Director' means the Director of the United States Geological Survey.

"(B) High-risk activity.—The term 'high-risk activity' means an activity that may be adversely affected by a moderate to severe seismic event (as determined by the Director). The term includes high-speed rail transportation.

"(C) Real-time seismic warning system.—The term 'real-time seismic warning system' means a system that issues warnings in real-time from a network of seismic sensors to a set of analysis processors, directly to receivers related to high-risk activities.

"(2) In general.—The Director shall conduct a program to develop a prototype real-time seismic warning system. The Director may enter into such agreements or contracts as may be necessary to carry out the program.

"(3) Upgrade of seismic sensors.—In carrying out a program under paragraph (2), in order to increase the accuracy and speed of seismic event analysis to provide for timely warning signals, the Director shall provide for the upgrading of the network of seismic sensors participating in the prototype to increase the capability of the sensors—

"(A) to measure accurately large magnitude seismic events (as determined by the Director); and

"(B) to acquire additional parametric data.

"(4) Development of communications and computation infrastructure.—In carrying out a program under paragraph (2), the Director shall develop a communications and computation infrastructure that is necessary—

"(A) to process the data obtained from the upgraded seismic sensor network referred to in paragraph (3); and

"(B) to provide for, and carry out, such communications engineering and development as is necessary to facilitate—

"(i) the timely flow of data within a real-time seismic hazard warning system; and

"(ii) the issuance of warnings to receivers related to high-risk activities.

"(5) Procurement of computer hardware and computer software.—In carrying out a program under paragraph (2), the Director shall procure such computer hardware and computer software as may be necessary to carry out the program.

"(6) Reports on progress.—

"(A) In general.—Not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 1, 1997], the Director shall prepare and submit to Congress a report that contains a plan for implementing a real-time seismic hazard warning system.

"(B) Additional reports.—Not later than 1 year after the date on which the Director submits the report under subparagraph (A), and annually thereafter, the Director shall prepare and submit to Congress a report that summarizes the progress of the Director in implementing the plan referred to in subparagraph (A).

"(7) Authorization of appropriations.—In addition to the amounts made available to the Director under section 12(b) of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (42 U.S.C. 7706(b)), there are authorized to be appropriated to the Department of the Interior, to be used by the Director to carry out paragraph (2), $3,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1998 and 1999; $2,600,000 for fiscal year 2001; $2,710,000 for fiscal year 2002; and $2,825,000 for fiscal year 2003.

"(b) Seismic Monitoring Networks Assessment.—

"(1) In general.—The Director shall provide for an assessment of regional seismic monitoring networks in the United States. The assessment shall address—

"(A) the need to update the infrastructure used for collecting seismological data for research and monitoring of seismic events in the United States;

"(B) the need for expanding the capability to record strong ground motions, especially for urban area engineering purposes;

"(C) the need to measure accurately large magnitude seismic events (as determined by the Director);

"(D) the need to acquire additional parametric data; and

"(E) projected costs for meeting the needs described in subparagraphs (A) through (D).

"(2) Results.—The Director shall transmit the results of the assessment conducted under this subsection to Congress not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 1, 1997].

"(c) Earth Science Teaching Materials.—

"(1) Definitions.—In this subsection:

"(A) Local educational agency.—The term 'local educational agency' has the meaning given that term in section 8101 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 7801].

"(B) School.—The term 'school' means a nonprofit institutional day or residential school that provides education for any of the grades kindergarten through grade 12.

"(2) Teaching materials.—In a manner consistent with the requirement under section 5(b)(4) [now 5(b)(4)(A)] of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (42 U.S.C. 7704(b)(4)[(A)]) and subject to a merit based competitive process, the Director of the National Science Foundation may use funds made available to him or her under section 12(c) of such Act (42 U.S.C. 7706(c)) to develop, and make available to schools and local educational agencies for use by schools, at a minimal cost, earth science teaching materials that are designed to meet the needs of elementary and secondary school teachers and students.

"(d) Improved Seismic Hazard Assessment.—

"(1) In general.—As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 1, 1997], the Director shall conduct a project to improve the seismic hazard assessment of seismic zones.

"(2) Reports.—

"(A) In general.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, and annually during the period of the project, the Director shall prepare, and submit to Congress, a report on the findings of the project.

"(B) Final report.—Not later than 60 days after the date of termination of the project conducted under this subsection, the Director shall prepare and submit to Congress a report concerning the findings of the project.

"(e) Study of National Earthquake Emergency Training Capabilities.—

"(1) In general.—The Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall conduct an assessment of the need for additional Federal disaster-response training capabilities that are applicable to earthquake response.

"(2) Contents of assessment.—The assessment conducted under this subsection shall include—

"(A) a review of the disaster training programs offered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency at the time of the assessment;

"(B) an estimate of the number and types of emergency response personnel that have, during the period beginning on January 1, 1990 and ending on July 1, 1997, sought the training referred to in subparagraph (A), but have been unable to receive that training as a result of the oversubscription of the training capabilities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency; and

"(C) a recommendation on the need to provide additional Federal disaster-response training centers.

"(3) Report.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 1, 1997], the Director shall prepare and submit to Congress a report that addresses the results of the assessment conducted under this subsection."

Studies on Economic Impact of Catastrophic Earthquakes and Improving Earthquake Mitigation

Pub. L. 101–614, §14, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3242, directed Director of Federal Emergency Management Agency to submit two reports to Congress within 12 months after Nov. 16, 1990, one report outlining results of a study on impact and repercussions of a catastrophic earthquake on local, regional, and national economies, and the other report outlining results of a study on adequacy of preparation and response capabilities for reducing and recovering from losses caused by a catastrophic earthquake.

Earthquake Engineering Research

Pub. L. 100–570, title I, §115, Oct. 31, 1988, 102 Stat. 2871, directed National Academy of Sciences to conduct a study of earthquake engineering activities being carried out by the Foundation and other Federal agencies under the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (42 U.S.C. 7701 et seq.), such study to include (1) an assessment of adequacy of each agency's current Federal earthquake engineering efforts, including those designed to increase the implementation of new techniques; the need for specialized research facilities, including large-scale facilities; the division of responsibilities among the various Federal agencies; and recommended levels of funding that the Foundation and other agencies should provide, in the form of grants to individuals, groups, and centers, to non-Federal researchers principally engaged in earthquake engineering research; and (2) recommendations, if any, of the National Academy of Sciences for improvements in the current Federal efforts in the area of earthquake engineering research, with results of the study to be reported to Congress on or before expiration of 12-month period following Oct. 31, 1988.

Executive Documents

Executive Order No. 12699

Ex. Ord. No. 12699, Jan. 5, 1990, 55 F.R. 835, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 13286, §40, Feb. 28, 2003, 68 F.R. 10626, which related to seismic safety of Federal and federally assisted or regulated new building construction, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 13717, §5, Feb. 2, 2016, 81 F.R. 6409, set out below.

Ex. Ord. No. 13717. Establishing a Federal Earthquake Risk Management Standard

Ex. Ord. No. 13717, Feb. 2, 2016, 81 F.R. 6407, provided:

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977, as amended, and section 121(a) of title 40, United States Code, and to improve the Nation's resilience to earthquakes, I hereby direct the following:

Section 1. Policy. It is the policy of the United States to strengthen the security and resilience of the Nation against earthquakes, to promote public safety, economic strength, and national security. To that end, the Federal Government must continue to take proactive steps to enhance the resilience of buildings that are owned, leased, financed, or regulated by the Federal Government. When making investment decisions related to Federal buildings, each executive department and agency (agency) responsible for implementing this order shall seek to enhance resilience by reducing risk to the lives of building occupants and improving continued performance of essential functions following future earthquakes. The Federal Government recognizes that building codes and standards primarily focus on ensuring minimum acceptable levels of earthquake safety for preserving the lives of building occupants. To achieve true resilience against earthquakes, however, new and existing buildings may need to exceed those codes and standards to ensure, for example, that the buildings can continue to perform their essential functions following future earthquakes. Agencies are thus encouraged to consider going beyond the codes and standards set out in this order to ensure that buildings are fully earthquake resilient.

Sec. 2. Requirements for Earthquake Safety of New Federal Buildings, Improvements to Existing Federal Buildings, and Federally Leased, Financed, or Regulated Buildings.

(a) New Buildings and Alterations to Existing Buildings. Each agency responsible for the design and construction of a new building or an alteration to an existing building shall ensure that the building is designed, constructed, or altered, respectively, in accord with appropriate earthquake-resistant design and construction codes and standards as set forth in sections 3(a) and 3(b) of this order.

(b) Space Leased for Federal Occupancy. Each agency responsible for the lease of a building shall, to the extent permitted by law, ensure that it leases only buildings that have been designed and constructed in accord with the appropriate earthquake-resistant design and construction standards that apply to the type of lease at issue, as set forth in section 3(c) of this order.

(c) Federal Assistance Programs. Each agency assisting in the financing, through Federal grants or loans, or guaranteeing the financing, through loan or mortgage insurance programs, of a newly constructed building shall consider updating its procedures for providing the assistance to be consistent with section 3(a) of this order, to assure appropriate consideration of earthquake safety.

(d) Federally Regulated Buildings. Each agency with responsibility for regulating the structural safety of a new building shall consider using earthquake-resistant design and construction standards for the new building consistent with section 3(a) of this order.

Sec. 3. Codes, Standards, and Concurrent Requirements. (a) Commencing within 90 days after the date of this order, each agency shall ensure that every new building for which the agency has not started programming is in compliance with the earthquake-resistant design provisions of the 2015 editions of the International Building Code (IBC) or the International Residential Code (IRC), nationally recognized building codes promulgated by the International Code Council (ICC), or equivalent codes, consistent with the provisions of and to the extent required by 40 U.S.C. 3312. When the ICC releases a new version of the IRC or IBC, each agency that constructs buildings shall determine whether the new version is a nationally recognized code for the purposes of 40 U.S.C. 3312(b), as expeditiously as practicable, but not later than 2 years after the release of the new version. If an agency determines that a new version is a nationally recognized code, it shall ensure that any building, for which the agency has not started programming, shall be in compliance with that new version or an equivalent code.

(b) Each agency that owns an existing Federal building shall adopt the Standards of Seismic Safety for Existing Federally Owned and Leased Buildings (Standards), which are developed, issued, and maintained by the Interagency Committee on Seismic Safety in Construction (ICSSC), as the minimum level acceptable for managing the earthquake risks in that building. Any agency that has not adopted the Standards at the time of this order shall adopt the Standards no later than 90 days from the date of this order. All agencies shall adopt subsequent editions of the Standards as expeditiously as practicable, but no later than 2 years following their issuance.

(c) Each agency that leases space in an existing building shall adopt the Standards as the minimum level acceptable for managing the earthquake risks in that building. This requirement shall apply to existing leases or leases existing at the time of issuance of updated Standards only to the extent appropriate, as determined by the leasing agency. With respect to leases for a building being constructed to accommodate a Federal agency under the authority in 40 U.S.C. 585(a), the leasing agency shall ensure that the building complies with the earthquake-resistant design and construction standards that would apply to a building constructed by the agency pursuant to section 3(a) of this order. With respect to such leases entered into under authority other than 40 U.S.C. 585(a), the leasing agency shall ensure that the building complies with the earthquake-resistant design and construction standards that would apply to a building constructed by the agency pursuant to section 3(a) of this order, to the extent permitted by law.

(d) Agencies may require higher performance levels than exist in the codes and standards described in sections 3(a), (b), and (c) of this order.

Sec. 4. Agency and Committee Responsibilities. (a) The ICSSC shall be composed of representatives of all Federal agencies engaged in construction, financing of construction, or related activities. The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) Lead Agency, currently the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), shall lead the ICSSC, and shall lead the development and maintenance of ICSSC guidelines to assist the Federal agencies with implementing earthquake risk reduction measures in their construction programs.

(b) Agencies whose activities are covered by this order shall designate one or more Seismic Safety Coordinator(s) to serve as focal points for the agency's compliance with this order and to participate in the ICSSC as appropriate. Within 30 days of the date of this order, each agency shall identify its Seismic Safety Coordinator(s) to the Director of NIST.

(c) The Director of NIST, on behalf of the ICSSC, shall issue implementing guidelines to assist agency compliance with this order within 8 months of the date of this order. The implementing guidelines shall provide specific guidance, including guidance about the roles and responsibilities of the agencies under section 2 of this order. The implementing guidelines shall also describe the responsibilities and necessary qualifications of the Seismic Safety Coordinator.

(d) The Director of NIST, on behalf of the ICSSC, shall provide assistance in interpreting the implementing guidelines to the Federal departments and agencies.

(e) The ICSSC shall publish updated Standards for assessing and enhancing the earthquake resilience of existing buildings as required by this order. The ICSSC shall review and update the Standards as needed to comply with this order at the maximum interval of every 6 years. Participation in the ICSSC shall continue to be open to all agencies with programs affected by this order. The Director of NIST shall provide support for the secretariat of the ICSSC and determine the frequency and scope of the ICSSC meetings as necessary to support this order.

(f) Agencies whose activities are covered by this order shall submit biennial reports to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Director of NIST on their progress in implementing the order, commencing 2 years from the date of this order.

(g) Agency compliance shall be summarized in the NEHRP reports to the Congress.

Sec. 5. Revocation. Executive Order 12699 of January 5, 1990 (Seismic Safety of Federal and Federally Assisted or Regulated New Building Construction), as amended, and Executive Order 12941 of December 1, 1994 (Seismic Safety of Existing Federally Owned or Leased Buildings) are hereby revoked.

Sec. 6. Definitions. As used in this order:

(a) "building" means any structure, fully or partially enclosed, used or intended for sheltering persons or property;

(b) "alteration to an existing building" means an action that alters, as defined in 40 U.S.C. 3301(a)(1), a building and that significantly extends the building's useful life and totals more than the replacement values established in the Standards for the building's assigned Seismic Design Category; and

(c) "programming" means developing and validating project assumptions, scope, budgets, and implementation strategy for a building.

Sec. 7. Exemption Authority. (a) The head of an agency may exempt a building from sections 2 and 3 of this order:

(i) to the extent the head of an agency determines that exempting such building is substantially related to an important law enforcement purpose; or

(ii) to the extent the head of an agency determines that exempting such building is necessary to address an extraordinary circumstance relating to national security or public safety.

(b) Even when otherwise eligible for an exemption under this section, each agency shall strive to comply with the purposes, goals, and requirements set forth in this order to the maximum extent practicable.

(c) If the head of an agency issues an exemption under this section, the agency must notify the Director of OMB in writing within 30 days of issuance of the exemption under this subsection.

Sec. 8. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department, agency, or the head thereof; or

(ii) the functions of the Director of OMB relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

(d) Nothing in this order shall apply to assistance provided for emergency work essential to save lives and protect property and public health and safety, performed pursuant to agencies' statutory authorities, and sections 402, 403, 502, and 503 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (the "Stafford Act") (42 U.S.C. 5170a, 5170b, 5192, and 5193), or for temporary housing assistance programs and individual and family grants performed pursuant to section 408 of the Stafford Act (42 U.S.C. 5174). This order shall, however, apply to other provisions of the Stafford Act after a Presidentially declared major disaster or emergency when assistance actions involve new construction or alterations to an existing building.

(e) This order applies only to buildings within the United States and its territories and possessions.

Barack Obama.      

¹ So in original. The word "and" probably should not appear.

² See References in Text note below.

³ So in original. Probably should be followed by a closing parenthesis.

⁴ So in original. Probably should be preceded by "subsection".

⁵ So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.

⁶ So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon.

§7704a. Report on seismic safety property standards

(a) Authority

The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (in this section referred to as the "Secretary") shall assess the risk of earthquake-related damage to properties assisted under programs administered by the Secretary and shall develop seismic safety standards for such properties. This section may not be construed to prohibit the Secretary from deferring to local building codes that meet the requirements of the seismic safety standards developed under this section.

(b) Standards

The standards shall be designed to reduce the risk of loss of life to building occupants to the maximum extent feasible and to reduce the risk of shake-related property damage to the maximum extent practicable.

(c) Consultation

In carrying out this section, the Secretary shall consult with the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and may utilize the resources under the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (established under the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 [42 U.S.C. 7701 et seq.]) and any other resources as may be required to carry out the activities under this section.

(Pub. L. 101–625, title IX, §947, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4416; Pub. L. 109–295, title VI, §612(c), Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1410.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977, referred to in subsec. (c), is Pub. L. 95–124, Oct. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 1098, which is classified generally to this chapter (§7701 et seq.). For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7701 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Subsec. (d) of this section, which required the Secretary to submit a report to Congress not less than biennially on the findings of the risk assessment study conducted under this section and the activities undertaken, and the expenditures made, by the Secretary to carry out this section and Executive Order No. 12699, terminated, effective May 15, 2000, pursuant to section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance. See, also, the 4th item on page 104 of House Document No. 103–7.

Section was enacted as part of the Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act, and not as part of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 which comprises this chapter.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

"Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency" substituted for "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency" in subsec. (c) on authority of section 612(c) of Pub. L. 109–295, set out as a note under section 313 of Title 6, Domestic Security. Any reference to the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency in title VI of Pub. L. 109–295 or an amendment by title VI to be considered to refer and apply to the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency until Mar. 31, 2007, see section 612(f)(2) of Pub. L. 109–295, set out as a note under section 313 of Title 6.

Transfer of Functions

For transfer of all functions, personnel, assets, components, authorities, grant programs, and liabilities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including the functions of the Under Secretary for Federal Emergency Management relating thereto, to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, see section 315(a)(1) of Title 6, Domestic Security.

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including the functions of the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see former section 313(1) and sections 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

§§7705, 7705a. Repealed. Pub. L. 105–47, §4, Oct. 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 1164

Section 7705, Pub. L. 95–124, §6, Oct. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 1102; Pub. L. 96–472, title I, §102(a), Oct. 19, 1980, 94 Stat. 2259; Pub. L. 101–614, §6, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3236, related to Office of Science and Technology Policy report.

Section 7705a, Pub. L. 95–124, §7, as added Pub. L. 101–614, §7(2), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3236, related to establishment of a National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Advisory Committee.

§7705b. Seismic standards

(a) Assessment and recommendations

Not later than December 1, 2019, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall jointly convene a committee of experts from Federal agencies, nongovernmental organizations, private sector entities, disaster management professional associations, engineering professional associations, and professional construction and homebuilding industry associations, to assess and recommend options for improving the built environment and critical infrastructure to reflect performance goals stated in terms of post-earthquake reoccupancy and functional recovery time.

(b) Report to Congress

Not later than June 30, 2020, the committee convened under paragraph (1) shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, the Committee on Natural Resources, and the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives a report on recommended options for improving the built environment and critical infrastructure to reflect performance goals stated in terms of post-earthquake reoccupancy and functional recovery time.

(Pub. L. 95–124, §8, as added Pub. L. 101–614, §8(a), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3237; amended Pub. L. 115–307, §5, Dec. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 4415.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–307 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to adoption of seismic safety standards.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Report on Vulnerability of Buildings Owned and Leased by Government

Pub. L. 101–614, §8(b), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3238, directed Comptroller General, not later than 18 months after Nov. 16, 1990, to report to Congress on vulnerability of buildings owned and leased by the Federal Government and on efforts of Federal agencies to improve the seismic resistance of buildings they own or lease, and for each such agency, the Comptroller General to enumerate the number of buildings owned or leased by the agency, the seriousness of the seismic risk to such buildings, and the value of the buildings at risk, as well as tabulate the expenditures each such agency had devoted to reducing earthquake damage and estimate the total expenditure necessary to address the problem adequately.

Executive Documents

Executive Order No. 12941

Ex. Ord. No. 12941, Dec. 1, 1994, 59 F.R. 62545, which related to seismic safety of existing federally owned or leased buildings, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 13717, §5, Feb. 2, 2016, 81 F.R. 6409, set out as a note under section 7704 of this title.

§7705c. Acceptance of gifts

(a) Authority

In furtherance of the purposes of this chapter, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency may accept and use bequests, gifts, or donations of services, money, or property, notwithstanding section 1342 of title 31.

(b) Criteria

The Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall establish by regulation criteria for determining whether to accept bequests, gifts, or donations of services, money, or property. Such criteria shall take into consideration whether the acceptance of the bequest, gift, or donation would reflect unfavorably on the Director's ¹ ability to carry out his responsibilities in a fair and objective manner, or would compromise the integrity of, or the appearance of the integrity of, the Program or any official involved in administering the Program.

(Pub. L. 95–124, §9, as added Pub. L. 101–614, §9, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3238; amended Pub. L. 115–307, §8(a)(2), Dec. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 4417.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

In subsec. (a), "section 1342 of title 31" was substituted for "section 3679 of the Revised Statutes (31 U.S.C. 1342)" on authority of Pub. L. 97–258, §4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1067, the first section of which enacted Title 31, Money and Finance.

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–307 substituted "Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency" for "Director of the Agency" in subsecs. (a) and (b).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Transfer of Functions

For transfer of all functions, personnel, assets, components, authorities, grant programs, and liabilities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including the functions of the Under Secretary for Federal Emergency Management relating thereto, to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, see section 315(a)(1) of Title 6, Domestic Security.

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including the functions of the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see former section 313(1) and sections 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

¹ So in original. Probably should be "Administrator's".

§7705d. Repealed. Pub. L. 106–503, title II, §203, Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2305

Section, Pub. L. 95–124, §10, as added Pub. L. 101–614, §10, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3238, related to non-Federal cost sharing for supplemental funds.

§7705e. Post-earthquake investigations program

There is established within the United States Geological Survey a post-earthquake investigations program, the purpose of which is to investigate major earthquakes, so as to learn lessons which can be applied to reduce the loss of lives and property in future earthquakes. The United States Geological Survey, in consultation with each Program agency, shall organize investigations to study the implications of the earthquake in the areas of responsibility of each Program agency. The investigations shall begin as rapidly as possible and may be conducted by grantees and contractors. The Program agencies shall ensure that the results of investigations are disseminated widely. The Director of the Survey is authorized to utilize earthquake expertise from the Agency, the National Science Foundation, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, other Federal agencies, and private contractors, on a reimbursable basis, in the conduct of such earthquake investigations. At a minimum, investigations under this section shall include—

(1) analysis by the National Science Foundation and the United States Geological Survey of the causes of the earthquake and the nature of the resulting ground motion;

(2) analysis by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute of Standards and Technology of the behavior of structures and lifeline infrastructure, both those that were damaged and those that were undamaged; and

(3) analysis by each of the Program agencies of the effectiveness of the earthquake hazards mitigation programs and actions relating to its area of responsibility under the Program, and how those programs and actions could be strengthened.

(Pub. L. 95–124, §11, as added Pub. L. 101–614, §11(a), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3239; amended Pub. L. 115–307, §2(c)(1)(B), Dec. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 4409.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Par. (2). Pub. L. 115–307 substituted "lifeline infrastructure" for "lifelines".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Transfer of Functions

For transfer of all functions, personnel, assets, components, authorities, grant programs, and liabilities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including the functions of the Under Secretary for Federal Emergency Management relating thereto, to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, see section 315(a)(1) of Title 6, Domestic Security.

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including the functions of the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see former section 313(1) and sections 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

Report on Funding of Program

Pub. L. 101–614, §11(b), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3239, directed Director of Federal Emergency Management Agency in consultation with other agencies of National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, not later than one year after Nov. 16, 1990, to report to Congress on possible options for funding a program for post-earthquake investigations, which would, at a minimum, consider funding such a program either by setting aside a percentage of disaster relief funds provided by Federal Emergency Management Agency after a major earthquake or by a revolving fund, and which would also include a recommendation on how the funding for such investigations would be allocated among the other Program agencies.

§7706. Authorization of appropriations

(a) General authorization for program

(1) There are authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out the provisions of sections 7704 and 7705 ¹ of this title (in addition to any authorizations for similar purposes included in other Acts and the authorizations set forth in subsections (b) and (c) of this section), not to exceed $1,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1978, not to exceed $2,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1979, and not to exceed $2,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1980.

(2) There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry out the provisions of sections 7704 and 7705 ¹ of this title for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1981—

(A) $1,000,000 for continuation of the Interagency Committee on Seismic Safety in Construction and the Building Seismic Safety Council programs,

(B) $1,500,000 for plans and preparedness for earthquake disasters,

(C) $500,000 for prediction response planning,

(D) $600,000 for architectural and engineering planning and practice programs,

(E) $1,000,000 for development and application of a public education program,

(F) $3,000,000 for use by the National Science Foundation in addition to the amount authorized to be appropriated under subsection (c), which amount includes $2,400,000 for earthquake policy research and $600,000 for the strong ground motion element of the siting program, and

(G) $1,000,000 for use by the Center for Building Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology in addition to the amount authorized to be appropriated under subsection (d) for earthquake activities in the Center.

(3) There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1982, $2,000,000 to carry out the provisions of sections 7704 and 7705 ¹ of this title.

(4) There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director, to carry out the provisions of sections 7704 and 7705 ¹ of this title, $1,281,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1983.

(5) There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director, to carry out the provisions of sections 7704 and 7705 ¹ of this title, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1984, $3,705,000, and for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1985, $6,096,000.

(6) There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director, to carry out the provisions of sections 7704 and 7705 ¹ of this title, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1986, $5,596,000, and for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1987, $5,848,000.

(7) There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator of the Agency, to carry out this chapter, $5,778,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1988, $5,788,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1989, $8,798,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990, $14,750,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1991, $19,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1992, $22,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993, $25,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1995, $25,750,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1996, $20,900,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1998, $21,500,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999; $19,861,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2001, of which $450,000 is for National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program-eligible efforts of an established multi-state consortium to reduce the unacceptable threat of earthquake damages in the New Madrid seismic region through efforts to enhance preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation; $20,705,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2002; and $21,585,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2003.

(8) There are authorized to be appropriated to the Federal Emergency Management Agency for carrying out this chapter—

(A) $21,000,000 for fiscal year 2005,

(B) $21,630,000 for fiscal year 2006,

(C) $22,280,000 for fiscal year 2007,

(D) $22,950,000 for fiscal year 2008,

(E) $23,640,000 for fiscal year 2009,

(F) $8,758,000 for fiscal year 2019,

(G) $8,758,000 for fiscal year 2020,

(H) $8,758,000 for fiscal year 2021,

(I) $8,758,000 for fiscal year 2022, and

(J) $8,758,000 for fiscal year 2023,

of which not less than 10 percent of available program funds actually appropriated shall be made available each such fiscal year for supporting the development of performance-based, cost-effective, and affordable design guidelines and methodologies in codes for buildings, structures, and lifeline infrastructure.

(b) United States Geological Survey

(1) There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of the Interior for purposes for carrying out, through the Director of the United States Geological Survey, the responsibilities that may be assigned to the Director under this chapter not to exceed $27,500,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1978; not to exceed $35,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1979; not to exceed $40,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1980; $32,484,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1981; $34,425,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1982; $31,843,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1983; $35,524,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1984; $37,300,200 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1985 ² $35,578,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1986; $37,179,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1987; $38,540,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1988; $41,819,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1989; $55,283,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990, of which $8,000,000 shall be for earthquake investigations under section 7705e of this title; $50,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1991; $54,500,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1992; $62,500,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993; $49,200,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1995; $50,676,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1996; $52,565,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1998, of which $3,800,000 shall be used for the Global Seismic Network operated by the Agency; and $54,052,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999, of which $3,800,000 shall be used for the Global Seismic Network operated by the Agency. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of the Interior for purposes of carrying out, through the Director of the United States Geological Survey, the responsibilities that may be assigned to the Director under this chapter $48,360,000 for fiscal year 2001, of which $3,500,000 is for the Global Seismic Network and $100,000 is for the Scientific Earthquake Studies Advisory Committee established under section 7709 of this title; $50,415,000 for fiscal year 2002, of which $3,600,000 is for the Global Seismic Network and $100,000 is for the Scientific Earthquake Studies Advisory Committee; and $52,558,000 for fiscal year 2003, of which $3,700,000 is for the Global Seismic Network and $100,000 is for the Scientific Earthquake Studies Advisory Committee. Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated under this paragraph, at least—

(A) $8,000,000 of the amount authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1998;

(B) $8,250,000 of the amount authorized for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999;

(C) $9,000,000 of the amount authorized to be appropriated for fiscal year 2001;

(D) $9,250,000 of the amount authorized to be appropriated for fiscal year 2002; and

(E) $9,500,000 of the amount authorized to be appropriated for fiscal year 2003,

shall be used for carrying out a competitive, peer-reviewed program under which the Director, in close coordination with and as a complement to related activities of the United States Geological Survey, awards grants to, or enters into cooperative agreements with, State and local governments and persons or entities from the academic community and the private sector.

(2) There are authorized to be appropriated to the United States Geological Survey for carrying out this chapter—

(A) $77,000,000 for fiscal year 2005, of which not less than $30,000,000 shall be made available for completion of the Advanced National Seismic System established under section 7707 of this title;

(B) $84,410,000 for fiscal year 2006, of which not less than $36,000,000 shall be made available for completion of the Advanced National Seismic System established under section 7707 of this title;

(C) $85,860,000 for fiscal year 2007, of which not less than $36,000,000 shall be made available for completion of the Advanced National Seismic System established under section 7707 of this title;

(D) $87,360,000 for fiscal year 2008, of which not less than $36,000,000 shall be made available for completion of the Advanced National Seismic System established under section 7707 of this title;

(E) $88,900,000 for fiscal year 2009, of which not less than $36,000,000 shall be made available for completion of the Advanced National Seismic System established under section 7707 of this title;

(F) $83,403,000 for fiscal year 2019, of which not less than $30,000,000 shall be made available for completion of the Advanced National Seismic System established under section 7707 of this title; ¹

(G) $83,403,000 for fiscal year 2020, of which not less than $30,000,000 shall be made available for completion of the Advanced National Seismic System established under section 7707 of this title; ¹

(H) $83,403,000 for fiscal year 2021, of which not less than $30,000,000 shall be made available for completion of the Advanced National Seismic System established under section 7707 of this title; ¹

(I) $83,403,000 for fiscal year 2022, of which not less than $30,000,000 shall be made available for completion of the Advanced National Seismic System established under section 7707 of this title; ¹ and

(J) $83,403,000 for fiscal year 2023, of which not less than $30,000,000 shall be made available for completion of the Advanced National Seismic System established under section 7707 of this title.¹

(c) National Science Foundation

(1) To enable the Foundation to carry out responsibilities that may be assigned to it under this chapter, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Foundation not to exceed $27,500,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1978; not to exceed $35,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1979; not to exceed $40,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1980; $26,600,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1981; $27,150,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1982; $25,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1983; $25,800,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1984; $28,665,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1985 ² $27,760,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1986; $29,009,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1987; $28,235,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1988; $31,634,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1989; $38,454,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990. Of the amounts authorized for Engineering under section 101(d)(1)(B) of the National Science Foundation Authorization Act of 1988, $24,000,000 is authorized for carrying out this chapter for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1991, and of the amounts authorized for Geosciences ³ under section 101(d)(1)(D) of the National Science Foundation Authorization Act of 1988, $13,000,000 is authorized for carrying out this chapter for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1991. Of the amounts authorized for Research and Related Activities under section 101(e)(1) of the National Science Foundation Authorization Act of 1988, $29,000,000 is authorized for engineering research under this chapter, and $14,750,000 is authorized for geosciences research under this chapter, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1992. Of the amounts authorized for Research and Related Activities under section 101(f)(1) of the National Science Foundation Authorization Act of 1988, $34,500,000 is authorized for engineering research under this chapter, and $17,500,000 is authorized for geosciences research under this chapter, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993. There are authorized to be appropriated, out of funds otherwise authorized to be appropriated to the National Science Foundation: (1) $16,200,000 for engineering research and $10,900,000 for geosciences research for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1995, (2) $16,686,000 for engineering research and $11,227,000 for geosciences research for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1996, (3) $18,450,000 for engineering research and $11,920,000 for geosciences research for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1998, (4) $19,000,000 for engineering research and $12,280,000 for geosciences research for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999. There are authorized to be appropriated to the National Science Foundation $19,000,000 for engineering research and $11,900,000 for geosciences research for fiscal year 2001; $19,808,000 for engineering research and $12,406,000 for geosciences research for fiscal year 2002; and $20,650,000 for engineering research and $12,933,000 for geosciences research for fiscal year 2003.

(2) There are authorized to be appropriated to the National Science Foundation for carrying out this chapter—

(A) $38,000,000 for fiscal year 2005;

(B) $39,140,000 for fiscal year 2006;

(C) $40,310,000 for fiscal year 2007;

(D) $41,520,000 for fiscal year 2008;

(E) $42,770,000 for fiscal year 2009;

(F) $54,000,000 for fiscal year 2019,

(G) $54,000,000 for fiscal year 2020,

(H) $54,000,000 for fiscal year 2021,

(I) $54,000,000 for fiscal year 2022, and

(J) $54,000,000 for fiscal year 2023.

(d) National Institute of Standards and Technology

(1) To enable the National Institute of Standards and Technology to carry out responsibilities that may be assigned to it under this chapter, there are authorized to be appropriated $425,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1981; $425,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1982; $475,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1983; $475,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1984; $498,750 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1985 ² $499,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1986; $521,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1987; $525,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1988; $525,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1989; $2,525,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990; $1,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1991; $3,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1992; and $4,750,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993. There are authorized to be appropriated, out of funds otherwise authorized to be appropriated to the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $1,900,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1995, $1,957,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1996, $2,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1998, $2,060,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999, $2,332,000 for fiscal year 2001, $2,431,000 for fiscal year 2002, and $2,534,300 for fiscal year 2003.

(2) There are authorized to be appropriated to the National Institute of Standards and Technology for carrying out this chapter—

(A) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2005,

(B) $11,000,000 for fiscal year 2006,

(C) $12,100,000 for fiscal year 2007,

(D) $13,310,000 for fiscal year 2008,

(E) $14,640,000 for fiscal year 2009,

(F) $5,900,000 for fiscal year 2019,

(G) $5,900,000 for fiscal year 2020,

(H) $5,900,000 for fiscal year 2021,

(I) $5,900,000 for fiscal year 2022, and

(J) $5,900,000 for fiscal year 2023.⁴

of which $2,000,000 shall be made available each such fiscal year for supporting the development of performance-based, cost-effective, and affordable codes for buildings, structures, and lifeline infrastructure.

(Pub. L. 95–124, §12, formerly §7, Oct. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 1102; Pub. L. 96–472, title I, §103, Oct. 19, 1980, 94 Stat. 2259; Pub. L. 97–80, title I, §101, Nov. 20, 1981, 95 Stat. 1081; Pub. L. 97–464, title I, §101, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2533; Pub. L. 98–241, title I, §101, Mar. 22, 1984, 98 Stat. 95; Pub. L. 99–105, §§1–4, Sept. 30, 1985, 99 Stat. 475; Pub. L. 100–252, §1, Feb. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 18; Pub. L. 100–418, title V, §5115(c), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1433; renumbered §12 and amended Pub. L. 101–614, §§7(1), 12, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3236, 3240; Pub. L. 103–374, §1, Oct. 19, 1994, 108 Stat. 3492; Pub. L. 105–47, §1, Oct. 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 1159; Pub. L. 106–503, title II, §§202(a), (b), (d), (e), 203, Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2304, 2305; Pub. L. 108–360, title I, §104(a), Oct. 25, 2004, 118 Stat. 1674; Pub. L. 109–295, title VI, §612(c), Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1410; Pub. L. 115–307, §§2(c)(1)(B), 7, 8(b)(2), Dec. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 4409, 4416, 4417.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 7705 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a)(1) to (6), was repealed by Pub. L. 105–47, §4, Oct. 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 1164.

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a)(8), (b)(2), (c)(2), and (d)(2), was in the original "this title", and was translated as reading "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 95–124, known as the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977, to reflect the probable intent of Congress, because Pub. L. 95–124, which enacted this chapter, does not contain titles.

Section 7707 of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(2)(F) to (J), was so in the original, but probably should have been a reference to section 13 of Pub. L. 95–124, which is classified to section 7707 of this title.

Section 101(d)(1)(B), (D), (e)(1), and (f)(1) of the National Science Foundation Authorization Act of 1988, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), is section 101(d)(1)(B), (D), (e)(1), and (f)(1) of Pub. L. 100–570, Oct. 31, 1988, 102 Stat. 2865, 2866, which is not classified to the Code.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 115–307, §2(c)(1)(B), substituted "lifeline infrastructure" for "lifelines" in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (a)(8)(F) to (J). Pub. L. 115–307, §7(1), added subpars. (F) to (J).

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–307, §8(b)(2), substituted "Advanced National Seismic System" for "Advanced National Seismic Research and Monitoring System" in subpars. (A) to (E).

Subsec. (b)(2)(F) to (J). Pub. L. 115–307, §7(2), added subpars. (F) to (J).

Subsec. (c)(2)(F) to (J). Pub. L. 115–307, §7(3), added subpars. (F) to (J).

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 115–307, §2(c)(1)(B), substituted "lifeline infrastructure" for "lifelines" in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (d)(2)(F) to (J). Pub. L. 115–307, §7(4), added subpars. (F) to (J).

2004—Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 108–360, §104(a)(1), added par. (8).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–360, §104(a)(2)–(5), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and substituted "paragraph" for "subsection" in last sentence, redesignated former pars. (1) to (5) as subpars. (A) to (E), respectively, and added par. (2).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–360, §104(a)(6), (7), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–360, §104(a)(8), (9), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

2000—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 106–503, §202(a), struck out "and" after "1998," and substituted "1999; $19,861,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2001, of which $450,000 is for National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program-eligible efforts of an established multi-state consortium to reduce the unacceptable threat of earthquake damages in the New Madrid seismic region through efforts to enhance preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation; $20,705,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2002; and $21,585,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2003." for "1999."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–503, §202(b)(1), in introductory provisions, inserted after "operated by the Agency." "There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of the Interior for purposes of carrying out, through the Director of the United States Geological Survey, the responsibilities that may be assigned to the Director under this chapter $48,360,000 for fiscal year 2001, of which $3,500,000 is for the Global Seismic Network and $100,000 is for the Scientific Earthquake Studies Advisory Committee established under section 7709 of this title; $50,415,000 for fiscal year 2002, of which $3,600,000 is for the Global Seismic Network and $100,000 is for the Scientific Earthquake Studies Advisory Committee; and $52,558,000 for fiscal year 2003, of which $3,700,000 is for the Global Seismic Network and $100,000 is for the Scientific Earthquake Studies Advisory Committee."

Subsec. (b)(3) to (5). Pub. L. 106–503, §202(b)(2)–(4), added pars. (3) to (5).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–503, §202(d), struck out "and" after "1998," and inserted at end "There are authorized to be appropriated to the National Science Foundation $19,000,000 for engineering research and $11,900,000 for geosciences research for fiscal year 2001; $19,808,000 for engineering research and $12,406,000 for geosciences research for fiscal year 2002; and $20,650,000 for engineering research and $12,933,000 for geosciences research for fiscal year 2003."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–503, §202(e), struck out "and" after "1998," and substituted "1999, $2,332,000 for fiscal year 2001, $2,431,000 for fiscal year 2002, and $2,534,300 for fiscal year 2003." for "1999."

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 106–503, §203, struck out subsecs. (e) and (f), which related, respectively, to funds for certain required adjustments and availability of funds.

1997—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 105–47, §1(1), struck out "and" after "1995," and inserted before period at end ", $20,900,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1998, and $21,500,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–47, §1(2), substituted "$50,676,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1996; $52,565,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1998, of which $3,800,000 shall be used for the Global Seismic Network operated by the Agency; and $54,052,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999, of which $3,800,000 shall be used for the Global Seismic Network operated by the Agency. Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated under this subsection, at least—

"(1) $8,000,000 of the amount authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1998; and

"(2) $8,250,000 of the amount authorized for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999,

shall be used for carrying out a competitive, peer-reviewed program under which the Director, in close coordination with and as a complement to related activities of the United States Geological Survey, awards grants to, or enters into cooperative agreements with, State and local governments and persons or entities from the academic community and the private sector." for "and $50,676,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1996."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–47, §1(3), struck out "and" after "September 30, 1995," and inserted before period at end ", (3) $18,450,000 for engineering research and $11,920,000 for geosciences research for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1998, and (4) $19,000,000 for engineering research and $12,280,000 for geosciences research for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–47, §1(4), struck out "and" after "September 30, 1995," and inserted before period at end ", $2,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1998, and $2,060,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999".

1994—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 103–374, §1(1), inserted "of the Agency" after "to the Director", struck out "and" after "September 30, 1992,", and inserted before period at end ", $25,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1995, and $25,750,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1996" after "September 30, 1993".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–374, §1(2), struck out "and" after "September 30, 1992;" and inserted before period at end "; $49,200,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1995; and $50,676,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1996".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–374, §1(3), inserted at end "There are authorized to be appropriated, out of funds otherwise authorized to be appropriated to the National Science Foundation: (1) $16,200,000 for engineering research and $10,900,000 for geosciences research for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1995, and (2) $16,686,000 for engineering research and $11,227,000 for geosciences research for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1996."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–374, §1(4), inserted at end "There are authorized to be appropriated, out of funds otherwise authorized to be appropriated to the National Institute of Standards and Technology, $1,900,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1995, and $1,957,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1996."

1990—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 101–614, §12(1), substituted "carry out this chapter" for "carry out the provisions of sections 7704 and 7705 of this title", substituted "$8,798,000" for "and $5,798,000", and inserted before period at end ", $14,750,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1991, $19,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1992, and $22,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–614, §12(2), substituted "$55,283,000" for "and $43,283,000" and inserted before period at end ", of which $8,000,000 shall be for earthquake investigations under section 7705e of this title; $50,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1991; $54,500,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1992; and $62,500,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–614, §12(3), substituted "$38,454,000" for "and $35,454,000" and inserted at end "Of the amounts authorized for Engineering under section 101(d)(1)(B) of the National Science Foundation Authorization Act of 1988, $24,000,000 is authorized for carrying out this chapter for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1991, and of the amounts authorized for Geosciences under section 101(d)(1)(D) of the National Science Foundation Authorization Act of 1988, $13,000,000 is authorized for carrying out this chapter for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1991. Of the amounts authorized for Research and Related Activities under section 101(e)(1) of the National Science Foundation Authorization Act of 1988, $29,000,000 is authorized for engineering research under this chapter, and $14,750,000 is authorized for geosciences research under this chapter, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1992. Of the amounts authorized for Research and Related Activities under section 101(f)(1) of the National Science Foundation Authorization Act of 1988, $34,500,000 is authorized for engineering research under this chapter, and $17,500,000 is authorized for geosciences research under this chapter, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–614, §12(4), substituted "National Institute of Standards and Technology" for "National Bureau of Standards" in heading and for "Bureau" in text, substituted "$2,525,000" for "and $525,000", and inserted before period at end "; $1,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1991; $3,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1992; and $4,750,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 101–614, §12(5), added subsec. (f).

1988—Subsec. (a)(2)(G). Pub. L. 100–418 substituted "Institute" for "Bureau".

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 100–252, §1(a), added par. (7).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–252, §1(b), struck out "and" after "1986;" and inserted "; $38,540,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1988; $41,819,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1989; and $43,283,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–252, §1(c), struck out "and" after "1986;" and inserted "; $28,235,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1988; $31,634,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1989; and $35,454,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–252, §1(d), struck out "and" after "1986;" and inserted "; $525,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1988; $525,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1989; and $525,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990".

1985—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 99–105, §1, added par. (6).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–105, §2, substituted a semicolon for ", and" after "1984" and inserted "$35,578,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1986; and $37,179,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1987".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–105, §3, struck out "and" after "1984;" and inserted "$27,760,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1986; and $20,009,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1987".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–105, §4, struck out "and" after "1984;" and inserted "$499,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1986; and $521,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1987".

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–241, §101(a), added par. (5).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–241, §101(b), struck out "and" after "1982;" and inserted "; $35,524,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1984, and $37,300,200 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1985".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–241, §101(c), struck out "and" after "1982;" and inserted "; $25,800,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1984; and $28,665,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1985".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–241, §101(d), struck out "and" after "1982;" and inserted "; $475,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1984; and $498,750 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1985".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98–241, §101(e), substituted "1982," for "1982 and" and inserted "September 30, 1984, and September 30, 1985,".

1983—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 97–464, §101(a), added par. (4).

Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 97–464, §101(b)–(d), inserted authorization for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1983.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 97–464, §101(e), substituted "each of the fiscal years ending September 30, 1982 and September 30, 1983" for "the fiscal year ending September 30, 1982".

1981—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 97–80, §101(a), added par. (3).

Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 97–80, §101(b)–(d), inserted authorization for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1982.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 97–80, §101(e), added subsec. (e).

1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–472, §103(a), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 96–472, §103(b), (c), inserted authorization for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1981.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96–472, §103(d), added subsec. (d).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

"Administrator of the Agency" substituted for "Director of the Agency" in subsec. (a)(7) on authority of section 612(c) of Pub. L. 109–295, set out as a note under section 313 of Title 6, Domestic Security. Any reference to the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency in title VI of Pub. L. 109–295 or an amendment by title VI to be considered to refer and apply to the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency until Mar. 31, 2007, see section 612(f)(2) of Pub. L. 109–295, set out as a note under section 313 of Title 6.

Transfer of Functions

For transfer of all functions, personnel, assets, components, authorities, grant programs, and liabilities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including the functions of the Under Secretary for Federal Emergency Management relating thereto, to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, see section 315(a)(1) of Title 6, Domestic Security.

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including the functions of the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see former section 313(1) and sections 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

¹ See References in Text note below.

² So in original. Probably should be followed by a semicolon.

³ So in original. Probably should not be capitalized.

⁴ So in original. The period probably should be a comma.

§7707. Advanced National Seismic System

(a) Establishment

The Director of the United States Geological Survey shall establish and operate an Advanced National Seismic System. The purpose of such system shall be to organize, modernize, standardize, and stabilize the national, regional, and urban seismic monitoring systems in the United States, including sensors, recorders, and data analysis centers, into a coordinated system that will measure and record the full range of frequencies and amplitudes exhibited by seismic waves, in order to enhance earthquake research and warning capabilities.

(b) Management plan

Not later than 90 days after November 13, 2000, the Director of the United States Geological Survey shall transmit to the Congress a 5-year management plan for establishing and operating the Advanced National Seismic System. The plan shall include annual cost estimates for both modernization and operation, milestones, standards, and performance goals, as well as plans for securing the participation of all existing networks in the Advanced National Seismic System and for establishing new, or enhancing existing, partnerships to leverage resources.

(Pub. L. 95–124, §13, as added Pub. L. 106–503, title II, §204, Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2305; amended Pub. L. 108–360, title I, §104(b), Oct. 25, 2004, 118 Stat. 1675; Pub. L. 115–307, §8(b), Dec. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 4417.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–307 substituted "Advanced National Seismic System" for "Advanced National Seismic Research and Monitoring System" in section catchline and wherever appearing in text.

2004—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–360 struck out subsec. (c) which related to authorization of appropriations.

§7708. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation

(a) Establishment

The Director of the National Science Foundation shall establish the George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation that will upgrade, link, and integrate a system of geographically distributed experimental facilities for earthquake engineering testing of full-sized structures and their components and partial-scale physical models. The system shall be integrated through networking software so that integrated models and databases can be used to create model-based simulation, and the components of the system shall be interconnected with a computer network and allow for remote access, information sharing, and collaborative research.

(b) Authorization of appropriations

In addition to amounts appropriated under section 7706(c) of this title, there are authorized to be appropriated to the National Science Foundation for the George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation—

(1) $28,200,000 for fiscal year 2001;

(2) $24,400,000 for fiscal year 2002;

(3) $4,500,000 for fiscal year 2003;

(4) $17,000,000 for fiscal year 2004;

(5) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2005, all of which shall be available for operations and maintenance;

(6) $20,400,000 for fiscal year 2006, all of which shall be available for operations and maintenance;

(7) $20,870,000 for fiscal year 2007, all of which shall be available for operations and maintenance;

(8) $21,390,000 for fiscal year 2008, all of which shall be available for operations and maintenance; and

(9) $21,930,000 for fiscal year 2009, all of which shall be available for operations and maintenance.

(Pub. L. 95–124, §14, as added Pub. L. 106–503, title II, §205, Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2306; amended Pub. L. 108–360, title I, §104(c), Oct. 25, 2004, 118 Stat. 1675.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2004—Subsec. (b)(5) to (9). Pub. L. 108–360 added pars. (5) to (9).

§7709. Scientific Earthquake Studies Advisory Committee

(a) Establishment

The Director of the United States Geological Survey shall establish a Scientific Earthquake Studies Advisory Committee.

(b) Organization

The Director shall establish procedures for selection of individuals not employed by the Federal Government who are qualified in the seismic sciences and other appropriate fields and may, pursuant to such procedures, select up to 10 individuals, one of whom shall be designated Chairman, to serve on the Advisory Committee. Selection of individuals for the Advisory Committee shall be based solely on established records of distinguished service, and the Director shall ensure that a reasonable cross-section of views and expertise is represented. In selecting individuals to serve on the Advisory Committee, the Director shall seek and give due consideration to recommendations from the National Academy of Sciences, professional societies, and other appropriate organizations.

(c) Meetings

The Advisory Committee shall meet at such times and places as may be designated by the Chairman in consultation with the Director.

(d) Duties

The Advisory Committee shall advise the Director on matters relating to the United States Geological Survey's participation in the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, including the United States Geological Survey's roles, goals, and objectives within that Program, its capabilities and research needs, guidance on achieving major objectives, and establishing and measuring performance goals. The Advisory Committee shall issue an annual report to the Director for submission to Congress on or before September 30 of each year. The report shall describe the Advisory Committee's activities and address policy issues or matters that affect the United States Geological Survey's participation in the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program.

(Pub. L. 106–503, title II, §210, Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2308.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Authorization Act of 2000, and not as part of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 which comprises this chapter.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Termination of Advisory Committees

Advisory committees established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period beginning on the date of their establishment, unless, in the case of a committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a committee established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law. See section 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.