PART C—INFORMATION, STANDARDS, AND REQUIREMENTS
CHAPTER 321 —GENERAL
§32101. Definitions
In this part (except
(1) "bumper standard" means a minimum performance standard that substantially reduces—
(A) the damage to the front or rear end of a passenger motor vehicle from a low-speed collision (including a collision with a fixed barrier) or from towing the vehicle; or
(B) the cost of repairing the damage.
(2) "insurer" means a person in the business of issuing, or reinsuring any part of, a passenger motor vehicle insurance policy.
(3) "interstate commerce" means commerce between a place in a State and—
(A) a place in another State; or
(B) another place in the same State through another State.
(4) "make", when describing a passenger motor vehicle, means the trade name of the manufacturer of the vehicle.
(5) "manufacturer" means a person—
(A) manufacturing or assembling passenger motor vehicles or passenger motor vehicle equipment; or
(B) importing motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment for resale.
(6) "model", when describing a passenger motor vehicle, means a category of passenger motor vehicles based on the size, style, and type of a make of vehicle.
(7) "motor vehicle" means a vehicle driven or drawn by mechanical power and manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways, but does not include a vehicle operated only on a rail line.
(8) "motor vehicle accident" means an accident resulting from the maintenance or operation of a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle equipment.
(9) "multipurpose passenger vehicle" means a passenger motor vehicle constructed on a truck chassis or with special features for occasional off-road operation.
(10) "passenger motor vehicle" means a motor vehicle with motive power designed to carry not more than 12 individuals, but does not include—
(A) a motorcycle; or
(B) a truck not designed primarily to carry its operator or passengers.
(11) "passenger motor vehicle equipment" means—
(A) a system, part, or component of a passenger motor vehicle as originally made;
(B) a similar part or component made or sold for replacement or improvement of a system, part, or component, or as an accessory or addition to a passenger motor vehicle; or
(C) a device made or sold for use in towing a passenger motor vehicle.
(12) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands.
(13) "United States district court" means a district court of the United States, a United States court for Guam, the Virgin Islands, and American Samoa, and the district court for the Northern Mariana Islands.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32101(1) | 15:1901(5), (6) (words before semicolon), (11). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32101(2) | 15:1901(12). | |
| 32101(3) | 15:1901(17). | |
| 32101(4) | 15:1901(8). | |
| 32101(5) | 15:1901(7). | |
| 32101(6) | 15:1901(9). | |
| 32101(7) | 15:1901(15). | |
| 32101(8) | 15:1901(10). | |
| 32101(9) | 15:1901(2). | |
| 32101(10) | 15:1901(1). | |
| 32101(11) | 15:1901(3), (4). | |
| 32101(12) | 15:1901(16). | |
| 32101(13) | 15:1901(18). |
In clause (1), the text of 15:1901(11) is omitted as surplus because the complete title of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section. The definition of "property loss reduction standard" is combined with the definition of "bumper standard" because the former term is used only in the definition of the latter term. Before subclause (A), the words "the purpose of which is" and "eliminate" are omitted as surplus. In subclauses (A) and (B), the words "(or both)" are omitted as surplus. In subclause (A), the word "physical" is omitted as surplus.
In clause (2), the words "of passenger motor vehicles" and "engaged" are omitted as surplus.
In clause (5)(A), the words "manufacturing or assembling" are substituted for "engaged in the manufacturing or assembling of" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In clause (8), the words "maintenance or operation" are substituted for "operation, maintenance, or use" to eliminate an unnecessary word.
In clauses (12) and (13), the words "the Northern Mariana Islands" are added because of section 502(a)(2) of the Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America, as enacted by the Act of March 24, 1976 (
In clause (12), the word "means" is substituted for "includes" as being more appropriate. The words "a State of the United States" are substituted for "each of the several States" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.
In clause (13), the words "of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico" are omitted as surplus because the district court of Puerto Rico is a district court of the United States under 28:119.
Pub. L. 103–429
This makes a conforming amendment to 49:32101 necessary because of the amendment to 49:32304(a)(11) made by section 6(29) of the bill and to clarify the restatement of 15:1901 by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1994—
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Amendment by
§32102. Authorization of appropriations
There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary $9,562,500 for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to carry out this part in each fiscal year beginning in fiscal year 1999 and ending in fiscal year 2001.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32102 | 15:1392 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, |
The reference to fiscal year 1992 is omitted as obsolete.
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1999—
1998—
"(1) $6,731,430 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993.
"(2) $6,987,224 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1994.
"(3) $7,252,739 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1995."
CHAPTER 323 —CONSUMER INFORMATION
Editorial Notes
Amendments
2021—
2007—
1994—
1 Section catchline amended by
§32301. Definitions
In this chapter—
(1) "crash avoidance" means preventing or mitigating a crash;
(2) "crashworthiness" means the protection a passenger motor vehicle gives its passengers against personal injury or death from a motor vehicle accident; and
(3) "damage susceptibility" means the susceptibility of a passenger motor vehicle to damage in a motor vehicle accident.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32301 | 15:1901(13), (14). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
Editorial Notes
Amendments
2012—
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2012 Amendment
Amendment by
§32302. Passenger motor vehicle information
(a)
(1) damage susceptibility.
(2) crashworthiness, crash avoidance, and any other areas the Secretary determines will improve the safety of passenger motor vehicles.
(3) the degree of difficulty of diagnosis and repair of damage to, or failure of, mechanical and electrical systems.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(1)
(A) to affix, in the glove compartment or in another readily accessible location on the vehicle, a sticker, decal, or other device that provides, in simple and understandable language, information about how to submit a safety-related motor vehicle defect complaint to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration;
(B) to prominently print the information described in subparagraph (A) within the owner's manual; and
(C) to not place such information on the label required under section 3 of the Automobile Information Disclosure Act (
(2)
(e)
(1)
(2)
(A) an appropriate methodology for—
(i) determining which advanced crash-avoidance technologies shall be included in the information;
(ii) developing performance test criteria for use by manufacturers in evaluating advanced crash-avoidance technologies;
(iii) determining a distinct rating involving each advanced crash-avoidance technology to be included; and
(iv) updating overall vehicle ratings to incorporate advanced crash-avoidance technology ratings; and
(B) such other information and analyses as the Secretary determines to be necessary to implement the rating of advanced crash-avoidance technologies.
(3)
(f)
(1)
(2)
(A) an appropriate methodology for—
(i) determining which technologies shall be included in the information;
(ii) developing performance test criteria for use by manufacturers in evaluating the extent to which automated pedestrian safety systems in light vehicles attempt to prevent and mitigate, to the best extent possible, pedestrian injury;
(iii) determining a distinct rating involving each technology to be included; and
(iv) updating overall vehicle ratings to incorporate vulnerable road user safety technology ratings; and
(B) such other information and analyses as the Secretary determines to be necessary to implement the rating of vulnerable road user safety technologies.
(3)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32302(a) | 15:1941(c) (19th–60th words). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 15:1941(d) (1st–13th words). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
|
| 32302(b) | 15:1941(c) (1st–18th and 61st–last words), (d) (14th–last words). | |
| 32302(c) | 15:1941(e). |
In subsection (a), the words before clause (1) are substituted for "The Secretary shall compile the information described in subsection (c) of this section" and "existing information and information to be developed relating to" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (b), the words "After the study has been completed" are omitted as executed. The words "To assist a consumer in buying a passenger motor vehicle" are substituted for "so as to be of benefit in their passenger motor vehicle purchasing decisions", and the words "the Secretary shall provide to the public" are substituted for "the Secretary is authorized and directed to devise specific ways in which . . . can be communicated to consumers" and "furnish it to the public", to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "existing" is omitted as obsolete.
In subsection (c), the words "not later than February 1, 1975" are omitted as executed. The words "prescribe regulations" are substituted for "by rule establish" for consistency in the revised title and because "rule" is synonymous with "regulation".
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The date of enactment of the Safety Through Informed Consumers Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (c), is the date of enactment of part II of subtitle C of title XXIV of div. B of
The date of enactment of the Motor Vehicle and Highway Safety Improvement Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), is the date of enactment of title I of div. C of
The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsecs. (e)(1), (3) and (f)(1), (3), is the date of enactment of
Amendments
2021—Subsec. (a).
Subsecs. (e), (f).
2015—Subsec. (c).
2013—Subsec. (b).
Subsec. (c).
2012—Subsec. (a)(2).
Subsec. (a)(4).
Subsec. (d).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2012 Amendment
Amendment by
Regulations
New Car Assessment Program; Updates
Improved Vehicle Safety Databases
"(1) to improve organization and functionality, including design features such as drop-down menus;
"(2) to allow data from applicable publicly accessible vehicle safety databases to be searched, sorted, aggregated, and downloaded in a manner that—
"(A) is consistent with the public interest; and
"(B) facilitates easy use by consumers;
"(3) to provide greater consistency in presentation of vehicle safety issues;
"(4) to improve searchability regarding specific vehicles and issues, which may include the standardization of commonly used search terms; and
"(5) to ensure nonconfidential documents and materials relating to information created or obtained by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration are made publicly available in a manner that is—
"(A) timely; and
"(B) searchable in databases by any element that the Secretary determines to be in the public interest."
Consumer Guidance
"(1) a detailed explanation of what information a consumer should include in a complaint; and
"(2) a detailed explanation of the possible actions the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration can take to address a complaint and respond to the consumer, including information on—
"(A) the consumer records, such as photographs and police reports, that could assist with an investigation; and
"(B) the length of time a consumer should retain the records described in subparagraph (A)."
Deadline for Report
§32303. Insurance information
(a)
(A) physical damage and repair costs; and
(B) personal injury.
(2) In deciding which reports and information are to be provided under this subsection, the Secretary shall—
(A) consider the cost of preparing and providing the reports and information;
(B) consider the extent to which the reports and information will contribute to carrying out this chapter; and
(C) consult with State authorities and public and private agencies the Secretary considers appropriate.
(3) To the extent possible, the Secretary shall obtain reports and information under this subsection on a voluntary basis.
(b)
(1) about the extent to which the insurance premiums charged by the insurer are affected by damage susceptibility, crashworthiness, and the cost of repair and personal injury, for each make and model of passenger motor vehicle; and
(2) available to the insurer about the effect of damage susceptibility, crashworthiness, and the cost of repair and personal injury for each make and model of passenger motor vehicle on the risk incurred by the insurer in insuring that make and model.
(c)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32303(a) | 15:1945(a)–(d), (g). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32303(b) | 15:1945(e). | |
| 32303(c) | 15:1945(f). |
In subsection (a), the words "carrying out this chapter" are substituted for "to enable him to carry out the purposes of this subchapter" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "provide" is substituted for "furnish" for consistency.
In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "the Secretary of Transportation may require . . . to . . . provide the Secretary with" are substituted for "shall, upon request by the Secretary . . . as the Secretary may reasonably require" to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 15:1945(g) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). The word "information" is substituted for "data" for consistency in the section. In clause (A), the words "repair costs" are substituted for "the cost of remedying the damage" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (a)(2)(C), the words "State authorities and public and private agencies" are substituted for "such State and insurance regulatory agencies and other agencies and associations, both public and private" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (b), before clause (1), the word "information" is substituted for "a description of" for consistency in the section. In clause (1), the word "premiums" is substituted for "rates or premiums" because it is inclusive. In clause (2), the words "by the insurer" are added for clarity.
In subsection (c), the words "identifying information" are substituted for "the name of, or other identifying information", and the words "a witness, or an individual involved" are substituted for "a driver, an injured person, a witness, or otherwise involved" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "accident" is substituted for "crash or collision" for consistency in this section. The words "so named or otherwise identified" are omitted as surplus.
§32304. Passenger motor vehicle country of origin labeling
(a)
(1) "allied supplier" means a supplier of passenger motor vehicle equipment that is wholly owned by the manufacturer, or if a joint venture vehicle assembly arrangement, a supplier that is wholly owned by one member of the joint venture arrangement.
(2)(A) "carline"—
(i) means a name given a group of passenger motor vehicles that has a degree of commonality in construction such as body and chassis;
(ii) does not consider a level of decor or opulence; and
(iii) except for light duty trucks, is not generally distinguished by characteristics such as roof line, number of doors, seats, or windows; and
(B) light duty trucks are different carlines than passenger motor vehicles.
(3) "country of origin", when referring to the origin of an engine or transmission, means the country from which the largest share of the dollar value added to an engine or transmission has originated—
(A) with the United States and Canada treated as separate countries; and
(B) the estimate of the percentage of the dollar value shall be based on the purchase price of direct materials, as received at individual engine or transmission plants, of engines of the same displacement and transmissions of the same transmission type, plus the assembly and labor costs incurred for the final assembly of such engines and transmissions.
(4) "dealer" means a person residing or located in the United States, including the District of Columbia or a territory or possession of the United States, and engaged in selling or distributing new passenger motor vehicles to the ultimate purchaser.
(5) "final assembly place" means the plant, factory, or other place at which a new passenger motor vehicle is produced or assembled by a manufacturer, and from which the vehicle is delivered to a dealer or importer with all component parts necessary for the mechanical operation of the vehicle included with the vehicle, whether or not the component parts are permanently installed in or on the vehicle. Such term does not include facilities for engine and transmission fabrication and assembly and the facilities for fabrication of motor vehicle equipment component parts which are produced at the same final assembly place using forming processes such as stamping, machining, or molding processes.
(6) "foreign content" means passenger motor vehicle equipment that is not of United States/Canadian origin.
(7) "manufacturer" means a person—
(A) engaged in manufacturing or assembling new passenger motor vehicles;
(B) importing new passenger motor vehicles for resale; or
(C) acting for and under the control of such a manufacturer, assembler, or importer in connection with the distribution of new passenger motor vehicles.
(8) "new passenger motor vehicle" means a passenger motor vehicle for which a manufacturer, distributor, or dealer has never transferred the equitable or legal title to the vehicle to an ultimate purchaser.
(9) "of United States/Canadian origin", when referring to passenger motor vehicle equipment, means—
(A) for an outside supplier—
(i) the full purchase price of passenger motor vehicle equipment whose purchase price contains at least 70 percent value added in the United States and Canada; or
(ii) that portion of the purchase price of passenger motor vehicle equipment containing less than 70 percent value added in the United States and Canada that is attributable to the percent value added in the United States and Canada when such percent is expressed to the nearest 5 percent; and
(B) for an allied supplier, that part of the individual passenger motor vehicle equipment whose purchase price the manufacturer determines remains after subtracting the total of the purchase prices of all material of foreign content purchased from outside suppliers, with the determination of the United States/Canadian origin or of the foreign content from outside suppliers being consistent with subclause (A) of this clause.
(10) "outside supplier" means a supplier of passenger motor vehicle equipment to a manufacturer's allied supplier, or a person other than an allied supplier, who ships directly to the manufacturer's final assembly place.
(11) "passenger motor vehicle" has the same meaning given that term in
(12) "passenger motor vehicle equipment"—
(A) means a system, subassembly, or component received at the final vehicle assembly place for installation on, or attachment to, a passenger motor vehicle at the time of its first shipment by the manufacturer to a dealer for sale to an ultimate purchaser; but
(B) does not include minor parts (including nuts, bolts, clips, screws, pins, braces, and other attachment hardware) and other similar items the Secretary of Transportation may prescribe by regulation after consulting with manufacturers and labor.
(13) "percentage (by value)", when referring to passenger motor vehicle equipment of United States/Canadian origin, means the percentage remaining after subtracting the percentage (by value) of passenger motor vehicle equipment that is not of United States/Canadian origin that will be installed or included on those vehicles produced in a carline, from 100 percent—
(A) with value being expressed in terms of the purchase price; and
(B) for outside suppliers and allied suppliers, the value used is the purchase price of the equipment paid at the final assembly place.
(14) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands.
(15) "value added in the United States and Canada" means a percentage determined by subtracting the total purchase price of foreign content from the total purchase price, and dividing the remainder by the total purchase price, excluding costs incurred or profits made at the final assembly place and beyond (including advertising, assembly, labor, interest payments, and profits), with the following groupings being used:
(A) engines of same displacement produced at the same plant.
(B) transmissions of the same type produced at the same plant.
(b)
(A) the percentage (by value) of passenger motor vehicle equipment of United States/Canadian origin installed on vehicles in the carline to which that vehicle belongs, identified by the words "U.S./Canadian content".
(B) the final assembly place for that vehicle by city, State (where appropriate) and country.
(C) if at least 15 percent (by value) of equipment installed on passenger motor vehicles in a carline originated in any country other than the United States and Canada, the names of at least the 2 countries in which the greatest amount (by value) of that equipment originated and the percentage (by value) of the equipment originating in each country.
(D) the country of origin of the engine and the transmission for each vehicle.
(2) At the beginning of each model year, each manufacturer shall establish the percentages required for each carline to be indicated on the label under this subsection. Those percentages are applicable to that carline for the entire model year. A manufacturer may round those percentages to the nearest 5 percent.
(3) A manufacturer complying with the requirement of paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection satisfies the disclosure requirement of section 3(b) of the Automobile Information Disclosure Act (
(c)
(d)
(1) The manufacturer or allied supplier shall make the same value added determinations as would be made by the outside supplier, that is, whether 70 percent or more of the value of equipment is added in the United States and/or Canada.
(2) The manufacturer or allied supplier shall consider the amount of value added and the location in which the value was added for all of the stages that the outside supplier would be required to consider.
(3) The manufacturer or allied supplier may determine that the value added in the United States and/or Canada is 70 percent or more only if it has a good faith basis to make that determination.
(4) A manufacturer and its allied suppliers may, on a combined basis, make value added determinations for no more than 10 percent, by value, of a carline's total parts content from outside suppliers.
(5) Value added determinations made by a manufacturer or allied supplier under this paragraph shall have the same effect as if they were made by the outside supplier.
(6) This provision does not affect the obligation of outside suppliers to provide the requested information.
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(2) A State or a political subdivision of a State may prescribe requirements related to the content of passenger motor vehicles obtained for its own use.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32304(a) | 15:1950(f). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32304(b)(1), (2) | 15:1950(b)(1) (less words between 1st and 2d commas), (2). | |
| 32304(b)(3) | 15:1950(b)(3). | |
| 32304(c) | 15:1950(b)(1) (words between 1st and 2d commas). | |
| 32304(d) | 15:1950(c). | |
| 32304(e) | 15:1950(d). | |
| 32304(f) | 15:1950(g). |
In this section, the words "passenger motor vehicle" and "vehicle" are substituted for "automobile" because the defined terms used in the operative provisions of the law being restated are "passenger motor vehicle" and "new passenger motor vehicle". The words "final assembly place" are substituted for "final assembly point" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.
In subsection (a)(2)(A)(i), the word "given" is substituted for "denoting" for clarity. The words "passenger motor" are added for clarity and consistency in the revised section.
In section (a)(2)(A)(ii), the words "decor or opulence" are substituted for "decor of opulence" for clarity.
In subsection (a)(3), before subclause (A), the words "from which the largest share of the dollar value added to . . . has originated" are substituted for "in which 50 percent or more of the dollar value added of . . . originated. If no country accounts for 50 percent or more of the dollar value, then the country of origin is the country from which the largest share of the value added originated" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In subclause (A), the word "with" is substituted for "For the purpose of determining the country of origin for engines and transmissions" are omitted as unnecessary.
In subsection (a)(4), the word "possession" is added for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.
In subsection (a)(5), the words "in such a condition" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (a)(6), the words "United States/Canadian origin" are substituted for "U.S./Canadian origin" for consistency with the defined term restated in the revised section. The word "foreign" is omitted as being included in "foreign content".
In subsection (a)(9), before subclause (A), the words "originated in the United States and Canada" and "U.S./Canadian origin" are omitted as unnecessary because of the defined term "of United States/Canadian origin". In subclause (A), the words "passenger motor vehicle equipment whose purchase price contains" are substituted for "the purchase price of automotive equipment which contains" for clarity. In subclause (B), the words "that part of the individual passenger motor vehicle equipment whose purchase price the manufacturer determines remains after subtracting the total of the purchase price of all material of foreign content purchased from outside suppliers" are substituted for "the manufacturer shall determine the foreign content of any passenger motor vehicle equipment supplied by the allied supplier by adding up the purchase price of all foreign material purchased from outside suppliers that comprise the individual passenger motor vehicle equipment and subtracting such purchase price from the total purchase price of such equipment" for clarity.
In subsection (a)(10), the word "person" is substituted for "anyone" for clarity and consistency in the revised title.
In subsection (a)(11), the words "a motor vehicle with motive power, manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways, and designed to carry not more than 12 individuals . . . not including . . . a motorcycle; or . . . a truck not designed primarily to carry its operator or passengers" are substituted for "has the meaning provided in
In subsection (a)(13), before subclause (A), the words "the percentage remaining after subtracting" are substituted for "the resulting percentage when . . . is subtracted" for clarity.
In subsection (a)(15), before subclause (A), the words " 'Value added' equals" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.
The text of 15:1950(f)(2) is omitted as unnecessary because of 1:1. The text of 15:1950(f)(8) is omitted because the complete title of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section.
In subsection (b)(1)(A), the words "to which that vehicle belongs" are added for clarity.
In subsection (b)(3), the text of 15:1950(b)(3) (1st sentence) is omitted as unnecessary because of the source provisions restated in this subsection.
Subsection (c) is substituted for "and each dealer shall cause to be maintained" for clarity and because of the restatement.
In subsection (e), the words "passenger motor vehicle equipment" are substituted for "a component" for clarity and for consistency with the defined term. The text of 15:1950(d) (last sentence) is omitted as unnecessary because of section 32308 of the revised title. The words "foreign content" are substituted for "foreign" for clarity and consistency with the defined term.
Pub. L. 103–429, §6(29)
This amends 32304(a)(11) to clarify the restatement of 15:1950(f)(3) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
Pub. L. 103–429, §6(30)
This amends 49:32304(a)(14) to reflect the inclusion of the Northern Mariana Islands and the exclusion of the Canal Zone. The words "the Northern Mariana Islands" are added because of section 502(a)(2) of the Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America, as enacted by the Act of March 24, 1976 (
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1998—Subsec. (a)(3)(B).
Subsec. (a)(5).
Subsec. (a)(9)(A).
Subsec. (c).
Subsec. (d).
Subsec. (e).
Subsecs. (f) to (i).
1994—Subsec. (a)(11).
"(A) including a multipurpose vehicle or light duty truck when the vehicle or truck is rated at not more than 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight; but
"(B) not including—
"(i) a motorcycle;
"(ii) a truck not designed primarily to carry its operator or passengers; or
"(iii) a vehicle operated only on a rail line."
Subsec. (a)(14).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Amendment by
§32304A. Consumer tire information and standards
(a)
(1)
(2)
(A) a national tire fuel efficiency rating system for motor vehicle replacement tires to assist consumers in making more educated tire purchasing decisions;
(B) requirements for providing information to consumers, including information at the point of sale and other potential information dissemination methods, including the Internet;
(C) specifications for test methods for manufacturers to use in assessing and rating tires to avoid variation among test equipment and manufacturers; and
(D) a national tire maintenance consumer education program including,1 information on tire inflation pressure, alignment, rotation, and tread wear to maximize fuel efficiency, safety, and durability of replacement tires.
(3)
(b)
(1)
(A) passenger car tires with a maximum speed capability equal to or less than 149 miles per hour or 240 kilometers per hour; and
(B) passenger car tires with a maximum speed capability greater than 149 miles per hour or 240 kilometers per hour.
(2)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
(1)
(2)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(i) tires sold in the United States; and
(ii) the needs of consumers in the United States.
(D)
(i)
(ii)
(d)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(A) the regulations under subsections (b) and (c) not later than 24 months after the date of enactment of this Act; 2 and
(B) the regulations under subsection (c) not later than the date of promulgation of the regulations under subsection (b).
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(Added
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The date of enactment of the Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), (3), is the date of enactment of subtitle A (§§101–113) of title I of
The date of enactment of this Act, referred to in subsecs. (b)(2)(A), (c)(2)(C), and (d)(3)(A), probably means the date of enactment of
Amendments
2015—
Subsec. (a).
Subsec. (a)(1).
Subsecs. (b) to (h).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date
Section effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of
1 So in original. Probably should be ", including".
2 See References in Text note below.
§32304B. Child safety
(a)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(b)
(c)
(1) shall include a distinct auditory and visual alert, which may be combined with a haptic alert; and
(2) shall be activated when the vehicle motor is deactivated by the operator.
(d)
(Added
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (b), is the date of enactment of
§32305. Information and assistance from other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities
(a)
(b)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32305 | 15:1943. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
In this section, the word "independent" is omitted as surplus.
In subsection (a), the words "he deems" and "his functions under" are omitted as surplus. The words "head of the" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "cooperate with the Secretary and" and "to the Department of Transportation upon request made by the Secretary" are omitted as surplus.
§32306. Personnel
(a)
(1) appoint and fix the pay of employees without regard to the provisions of title 5 governing appointment in the competitive service and
(2) make contracts with persons for research and preparation of reports.
(b)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32306(a) | 15:1942 (1st, 2d sentences). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32306(b) | 15:1942 (last sentence). |
In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "his functions under" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "as he deems necessary" are omitted as surplus. The words "
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The provisions of title 5 governing appointment in the competitive service, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), are classified generally to
§32307. Investigative powers
(a)
(1) inspect and copy records of any person at reasonable times;
(2) order a person to file written reports or answers to specific questions, including reports or answers under oath; and
(3) conduct hearings, administer oaths, take testimony, and require (by subpena or otherwise) the appearance and testimony of witnesses and the production of records the Secretary considers advisable.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32307(a) | 15:1944(a)–(c). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32307(b) | 15:1944(e). | |
| 32307(c) | 15:1944(d). | |
| 32307(d) | 15:1944(f). |
In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "In carrying out this chapter" are substituted for "For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this subchapter", "In order to carry out the provisions of this subchapter", and "relating to any function of the Secretary under this subchapter" for consistency. The words "or on the authorization of the Secretary, any officer or employee of the Department of Transportation" and "or his duly authorized agent" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(b). In clause (1), the words "inspect and copy" are substituted for "have access to, and for the purposes of examination the right to copy", and the word "records" is substituted for "documentary evidence" and "materials and information", for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "relevant to the study authorized by this subchapter" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the word "order" is substituted for "require, by general or special orders" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "in such form as the Secretary may prescribe" and "shall be filed with the Secretary within such reasonable period as the Secretary may prescribe" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). In clause (3), the words "sit and act at such times and places" are omitted as being included in "conduct hearings".
In subsection (c), the words "A civil action to enforce a subpena or order of the Secretary under subsection (a) of this section may be brought in the United States district court for the judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary is conducted" are substituted for 15:1944(d) (words before semicolon) for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (d), the words "reported to or otherwise" are omitted as surplus. The words "or such officer or employee" are omitted for consistency with subsection (a) of this section. The words "related to a confidential matter referred to" are substituted for "contains or relates to a trade secret or other matter referred to" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "a committee of Congress authorized to have the information" are substituted for "the duly authorized committees of the Congress" for clarity.
§32308. General prohibitions, civil penalty, and enforcement
(a)
(1) fail to provide the Secretary of Transportation with information requested by the Secretary in carrying out this chapter; or
(2) fail to comply with applicable regulations prescribed by the Secretary in carrying out this chapter.
(b)
(2) The Secretary may compromise the amount of a civil penalty imposed under this section.
(3) In determining the amount of a penalty or compromise, the appropriateness of the penalty or compromise to the size of the business of the person charged and the gravity of the violation shall be considered.
(4) The Government may deduct the amount of a civil penalty imposed or compromised under this section from amounts it owes the person liable for the penalty.
(c)
(d)
(2) When practicable, the Secretary shall—
(A) notify a person against whom an action under this subsection is planned;
(B) give the person an opportunity to present that person's views; and
(C) give the person a reasonable opportunity to comply.
(3) The failure of the Secretary to comply with paragraph (2) of this subsection does not prevent a court from granting appropriate relief.
(e)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32308(a) | 15:1946. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32308(b)(1) | 15:1948(a). | |
| 32308(b) (2)–(4) | 15:1948(b). | |
| 32308(c) | 15:1947 (1st–3d sentences). | |
| 32308(d) | 15:1947 (last sentence). | |
| 15:1948(c). |
In subsection (a)(1), the words "data or" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (b)(1), the words "Each failure to provide information or comply with a regulation" are substituted for "with respect to each failure or refusal to comply with a requirement thereunder" for clarity.
In subsection (c), the words "The Attorney General may bring a civil action" are substituted for "Upon petition by the Attorney General on behalf of the United States" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.) and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "for cause shown" are omitted as surplus. The words "and subject to the provisions of rule 65(a) and (b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure" are omitted as surplus because the rules apply in the absence of an exception from them.
Subsection (d) is substituted for 15:1947 (last sentence) and 1948(c) for clarity and consistency in this part by restating 15:1917(c)(3) and (4).
Editorial Notes
Amendments
2007—Subsecs. (c) to (e).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2007 Amendment
Amendment by
§32309. Civil penalty for labeling violations
(a)
(b)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32309(a) | (no source). | |
| 32309(b) | 15:1950(e). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
Subsection (a) is added to ensure that the definitions in 15:1950(f), restated in section 32304 of the revised title, apply to the source provision restated in this section.
In subsection (b), the words "Each failure to attach or maintain that label" are substituted for "Such failure" for clarity.
Pub. L. 103–429
This amends the catchline for 49:32309 to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1994—
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Amendment by
§32310. New Car Assessment Program roadmap
(a)
(b)
(1) cover a term of 10 years, consisting of—
(A) a mid-term component covering the initial 5 years of the term; and
(B) a long-term component covering the final 5 years of the term; and
(2) be in accordance with—
(A)
(B)
(C) section 24401 of the FAST Act (
(D) any other relevant plans of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
(c)
(1) a plan for any changes to the New Car Assessment Program of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, including—
(A) descriptions of actions to be carried out to update the passenger motor vehicle information developed under section 32302(a), including the development of test procedures, test devices, test fixtures, and safety performance metrics, which shall, as applicable, incorporate—
(i) objective criteria for evaluating safety technologies; and
(ii) reasonable time periods for compliance with new or updated tests;
(B) key milestones, including the anticipated start of an action, completion of an action, and effective date of an update; and
(C) descriptions of the means by which an update will improve the passenger motor vehicle information developed under section 32302(a);
(2) an identification and prioritization of safety opportunities and technologies—
(A) with respect to the mid-term component of the roadmap under subsection (b)(1)(A)—
(i) that are practicable; and
(ii) for which objective rating tests, evaluation criteria, and other consumer data exist for a market-based, consumer information approach; and
(B) with respect to the long-term component of the roadmap under subsection (b)(1)(B), exist or are in development;
(3) an identification of—
(A) any safety opportunity or technology that—
(i) is identified through the activities carried out pursuant to subsection (d) or (e); and
(ii) is not included in the roadmap under paragraph (2);
(B) the reasons why such a safety opportunity or technology is not included in the roadmap; and
(C) any developments or information that would be necessary for the Secretary to consider including such a safety opportunity or technology in a future roadmap; and
(4) consideration of the benefits of consistency with other rating systems used—
(A) within the United States; and
(B) internationally.
(d)
(1) make the roadmap available for public comment;
(2) review any public comments received under paragraph (1); and
(3) incorporate in the roadmap under this section those comments, as the Secretary determines to be appropriate.
(e)
(1) to identify—
(A) safety opportunities or technologies in development that could be included in future roadmaps; and
(B) opportunities to benefit from collaboration or harmonization with third-party safety rating programs;
(2) to assist with long-term planning;
(3) to provide an interim update of the status and development of the following roadmap to be established under subsection (a); and
(4) to collect feedback or other information that the Secretary determines to be relevant to enhancing the New Car Assessment Program of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
(Added
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of
CHAPTER 325 —BUMPER STANDARDS
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1998—
§32501. Purpose
The purpose of this chapter is to reduce economic loss resulting from damage to passenger motor vehicles involved in motor vehicle accidents by providing for the maintenance and enforcement of bumper standards.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32501 | 15:1911. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
The words "The Congress finds that it is necessary" are omitted as surplus. The word "maintenance" is substituted for "promulgation" for clarity.
§32502. Bumper standards
(a)
(1) intended only for export;
(2) labeled for export on the vehicle or equipment and the outside of any container of the vehicle or equipment; and
(3) exported.
(b)
(1) may not conflict with a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under
(2) may not specify a dollar amount for the cost of repairing damage to a passenger motor vehicle; and
(3) to the greatest practicable extent, may not preclude the attachment of a detachable hitch.
(c)
(1) a multipurpose passenger vehicle;
(2) a make, model, or class of a passenger motor vehicle manufactured for a special use, if the standard would interfere unreasonably with the special use of the vehicle; or
(3) a passenger motor vehicle for which an application for an exemption under section 30013(b) 1 of this title has been filed in accordance with the requirements of that section.
(d)
(1) the costs and benefits of carrying out the standard;
(2) the effect of the standard on insurance costs and legal fees and costs;
(3) savings in consumer time and inconvenience; and
(4) health and safety, including emission standards.
(e)
(f)
(g)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32502(a) | 15:1912(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32502(b)(1) | 15:1912(b)(2). | |
| 32502(b)(2) | 15:1901(6) (words after semicolon). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32502(b)(3) | 15:1912(c)(2). | |
| 32502(c) | 15:1912(c)(1). | |
| 32502(d) | 15:1912(b)(1). | |
| 32502(e) | 15:1912(e). | |
| 32502(f) | 15:1912(d). | |
| 32502(g) | 15:1914(d). |
In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Subject to subsections (b) through (e) of this section" are omitted as surplus. The words "shall prescribe by regulation" are substituted for "by rule . . . shall promulgate" for clarity. The words "may prescribe by regulation" are substituted for "by rule . . . may promulgate" for consistency.
In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "In promulgating any bumper standard under this subchapter" are omitted as surplus. The words "from any part of a standard" are substituted for "partially or completely" for clarity and consistency.
In subsection (d), before clause (1), the words "to the public" are substituted for "to the public and to the consumer" because they are inclusive. In clause (2), the word "prospective" is omitted as surplus.
In subsection (e), the words "
In subsection (f), the words "However, the Secretary may prescribe a later date when the Secretary submits" are substituted for "unless the Secretary presents" for clarity. The word "reasons" is substituted for "a detailed explanation of the reasons" to eliminate unnecessary words.
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1998—Subsec. (c).
Subsec. (c)(3).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Hood and Bumper Standards
"(a)
"(b)
"(1) the incorporation or consideration of advanced crash-avoidance technology in existing motor vehicle standards;
"(2) the incorporation or consideration of standards or technologies to reduce the number of injuries and fatalities suffered by pedestrians, bicyclists, or other vulnerable road users;
"(3) the development of performance test criteria for use by manufacturers in evaluating advanced crash-avoidance technology, including technology relating to vulnerable road user safety;
"(4) potential harmonization with global standards, including United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Regulation Number 42; and
"(5) such other information and analyses as the Secretary determines to be necessary.
"(c)
"(1) the current status of hood and bumper standards;
"(2) relevant advanced crash-avoidance technology;
"(3) actions needed to be carried out to develop performance test criteria; and
"(4) if applicable, a plan for incorporating advanced crash-avoidance technology, including technology relating to vulnerable road user safety, in existing standards."
1 So in original. Probably should be section "30113(b)".
§32503. Judicial review of bumper standards
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2) The Secretary may modify findings of fact or make new findings because of the additional evidence presented. The Secretary shall file a modified or new finding, a recommendation to modify or set aside a standard, and the additional evidence with the court.
(d)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32503(a) | 15:1913(a) (1st sentence), (c). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32503(b) | 15:1913(a) (2d, last sentences). | |
| 32503(c) | 15:1913(b). | |
| 32503(d) | 15:1913(d), (e). |
In subsection (a), the words "may apply for" are added for clarity. The text of 15:1913(c) is omitted because 5:ch. 7 applies unless otherwise stated.
In subsection (b), the words "or his delegate" and "thereupon" are omitted as surplus. The words "in which the standard was prescribed" are substituted for "on which the Secretary based his rule, as provided in
In subsection (c)(1), the words "On request of the petitioner" are substituted for "If the petitioner applies to the court for leave to adduce" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the Secretary to receive" are substituted for "to be taken before the Secretary, and to be adduced in a hearing" for clarity. The words "in such manner and upon such terms and conditions as the court may deem proper" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (c)(2), the words "with the court" are substituted for "with the return of" for clarity.
In subsection (d), the words "affirming or setting aside, in whole or in part, any such rule of the Secretary" are omitted as surplus. The words "may be reviewed only" are substituted for "shall be final, subject to review" for clarity. The words "and not in lieu of" are omitted as surplus.
§32504. Certificates of compliance
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation, a manufacturer or distributor of a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle equipment subject to a standard prescribed under
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32504 | 15:1915(c). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
The words "Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation" are substituted for 15:1915(c)(1) (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 15:1915(c)(2) is omitted as surplus because this section only applies to a vehicle or equipment subject to a standard prescribed under section 32502 of the revised title, and a standard prescribed under that section does not apply to a vehicle or equipment intended only for export, labeled for export, and exported.
§32505. Information and compliance requirements
(a)
(A) keep records;
(B) make reports;
(C) provide items and information, including vehicles and equipment for testing at a negotiated price not more than the manufacturer's cost; and
(D) allow an officer or employee designated by the Secretary to inspect vehicles and relevant records of the manufacturer.
(2) To enforce this chapter, an officer or employee designated by the Secretary, on presenting appropriate credentials and a written notice to the owner, operator, or agent in charge, may inspect a facility in which passenger motor vehicles or passenger motor vehicle equipment is manufactured, held for introduction in interstate commerce, or held for sale after introduction in interstate commerce. An inspection shall be conducted at a reasonable time, in a reasonable way, and with reasonable promptness.
(b)
(A) inspect and copy records of any person at reasonable times;
(B) order a person to file written reports or answers to specific questions, including reports or answers under oath; and
(C) conduct hearings, administer oaths, take testimony, and require (by subpena or otherwise) the appearance and testimony of witnesses and the production of records the Secretary considers advisable.
(2) A witness summoned under this subsection is entitled to the same fee and mileage the witness would have been paid in a court of the United States.
(3) A civil action to enforce a subpena or order of the Secretary under this subsection may be brought in the United States district court for any judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary is conducted. The court may punish a failure to obey an order of the court to comply with the subpena or order of the Secretary as a contempt of court.
(c)
(A) to another officer or employee of the United States Government for use in carrying out this chapter; or
(B) in a proceeding under this chapter.
(2) This subsection does not authorize information to be withheld from a committee of Congress authorized to have the information.
(3) Subject to paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary, on request, shall make available to the public at cost information the Secretary submits or receives in carrying out this chapter.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32505(a)(1) | 15:1915(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32505(a)(2) | 15:1915(b). | |
| 32505(b)(1) | 15:1914(a)(1)–(3). | |
| 32505(b)(2) | 15:1914(a)(5). | |
| 32505(b)(3) | 15:1914(a)(4). | |
| 32505(c)(1), (2) | 15:1914(b). | |
| 32505(c)(3) | 15:1919. |
In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "To enable the Secretary of Transportation to decide whether . . . is complying" are substituted for "to enable him to determine whether such manufacturer has acted or is acting in compliance" and "determining whether such manufacturer has acted or is acting in compliance" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "reasonably" is omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the word "keep" is substituted for "establish and maintain" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (C), the text of 15:1915(a) (2d sentence) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). In clause (D), the words "upon request" and "duly" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (a)(2), the word "enter" is omitted as being as included in "inspect". The word "facility" is substituted for "factory, warehouse, or establishment" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "shall be commenced and completed" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "In carrying out this chapter" are substituted for "For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this subchapter", "In order to carry out the provisions of this subchapter", "relevant to any function of the Secretary under this subchapter", and "relating to any function of the Secretary under this subchapter" for consistency. In clause (A), the words "inspect and copy" are substituted for "have access to, and for the purposes of examination the right to copy" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "records" is substituted for "documentary evidence" for consistency. In clause (B), the word "order" is substituted for "require, by general or special orders" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "in such form as the Secretary may prescribe" and "shall be filed with the Secretary within such reasonable period as the Secretary may prescribe" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). In clause (C), the words "sit and act at such times and places" are omitted as being included in "conduct hearings".
In subsection (b)(3), the words "A civil action to enforce a subpena or order of the Secretary under this subsection may be brought in the United States district court for the judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary was conducted" are substituted for 15:1914(a)(4) (words before semicolon) for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "reported to or otherwise" are omitted as surplus. The words "or his representative" are omitted for consistency with subsection (b) of this section. The words "related to a confidential matter referred to" are substituted for "contains or relates to a trade secret or other matter referred to" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "shall be considered confidential for the purpose of that section" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "of the United States Government" are added for clarity. In clause (B) the words "when relevant" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (c)(2), the words "a committee of Congress authorized to have the information" are substituted for "the duly authorized committees of the Congress" for clarity.
In subsection (c)(3), the words "copies of any communications, documents, reports, or other" are omitted as surplus.
Pub. L. 103–429
This amends 49:32505(b)(3) to clarify the restatement of 15:1914(a)(4) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1994—Subsec. (b)(3).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Amendment by
§32506. Prohibited acts
(a)
(1) manufacture for sale, sell, offer for sale, introduce or deliver for introduction in interstate commerce, or import into the United States, a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle equipment manufactured on or after the date an applicable standard under
(2) fail to comply with an applicable regulation prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation under this chapter;
(3) fail to keep records, refuse access to or copying of records, fail to make reports or provide items or information, or fail or refuse to allow entry or inspection, as required by this chapter or a regulation prescribed under this chapter; or
(4) fail to provide the certificate required by
(b)
(1) the sale, offer for sale, or introduction or delivery for introduction in interstate commerce of a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle equipment after the first purchase of the vehicle or equipment in good faith other than for resale (but this clause does not prohibit a standard from requiring that a vehicle or equipment be manufactured to comply with the standard over a specified period of operation or use); or
(2) a person—
(A) establishing that the person had no reason to know, by exercising reasonable care, that the vehicle or equipment does not comply with the standard; or
(B) holding, without knowing about a noncompliance and before that first purchase, a certificate issued under
(c)
(A) comply, after importation, with the standards prescribed under
(B) be exported; or
(C) be abandoned to the United States Government.
(2) The Secretaries may prescribe joint regulations that allow a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle equipment to be imported into the United States after the first purchase in good faith other than for resale.
(d)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32506(a) | 15:1916(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32506(b) | 15:1916(b)(1), (2). | |
| 32506(c) | 15:1916(b)(3), (4). | |
| 32506(d) | 15:1916(c). |
In subsection (a)(4), the words "required by such subsection to the effect that a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle equipment conforms to all applicable bumper standards" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the word "conditions" is substituted for "such terms and conditions" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (A), the words "comply, after importation" are substituted for "brought into conformity" for clarity and consistency.
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1998—Subsec. (a).
§32507. Penalties and enforcement
(a)
(A) that does not comply with a standard prescribed under
(B) for which a certificate is not provided, or for which a false or misleading certificate is provided, under
(2) The maximum civil penalty under this subsection for a related series of violations is $800,000.
(3) The Secretary of Transportation imposes a civil penalty under this subsection. The Attorney General or the Secretary, with the concurrence of the Attorney General, shall bring a civil action in a United States district court to collect the penalty.
(b)
(c)
(2) When practicable, the Secretary shall—
(A) notify a person against whom an action under this subsection is planned;
(B) give the person an opportunity to present that person's views; and
(C) except for a knowing and willful violation, give the person a reasonable opportunity to comply.
(3) The failure of the Secretary to comply with paragraph (2) of this subsection does not prevent a court from granting appropriate relief.
(d)
(e)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32507(a) | 15:1917(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32507(b) | 15:1917(b). | |
| 32507(c) | 15:1917(c)(1). | |
| 32507(d) | 15:1917(c)(2). | |
| 32507(e) | 15:1917(c)(3), (4). |
In subsection (a)(3), the words "by any of the Secretary's attorneys designated by the Secretary for such purpose" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (b), the words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "fined not more than $50,000" for consistency with title 18. The words "If the person is a corporation, the penalties of this subsection also apply" are substituted for "If a corporation violates
In subsection (c)(1), the words "may bring a civil action" are substituted for "Upon petition . . . on behalf of the United States . . . have jurisdiction" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.) and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "for cause shown and subject to the provisions of rule 65(a) and (b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure" are omitted as surplus because the rules apply in the absence of an exemption from them. The word "enjoin" is substituted for "restrain" for consistency.
In subsection (d), the words "the defendant may demand a jury trial" are substituted for "trial shall be by the court, or, upon demand of the accused, by a jury" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title.
In subsection (e), the words "any act or transaction constituting" are omitted as surplus. The word "resides" is substituted for "is an inhabitant" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.
§32508. Civil actions by owners of passenger motor vehicles
When an owner of a passenger motor vehicle sustains damages as a result of a motor vehicle accident because the vehicle did not comply with a standard prescribed under
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32508 | 15:1918. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
The words "applicable Federal" are omitted as surplus. The words "when a judgment is entered for the owner" are substituted for "in the case of any such successful action to recover that amount" to eliminate unnecessary words.
§32509. Information and assistance from other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities
(a)
(b)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32509 | 15:1914(c). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
In subsection (a), the words "he deems" and "his functions under" are omitted as surplus. The words "head of the" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "cooperate with the Secretary and" and "to the Department of Transportation upon request made by the Secretary" are omitted as surplus.
[§32510. Repealed. Pub. L. 105–362, title XV, §1501(e)(1), Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3294 ]
Section,
§32511. Relationship to other motor vehicle standards
(a)
(b)
(1) does not conflict with a standard prescribed under
(2) was in effect or prescribed by the State on October 20, 1972.
(c)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32511(a) | 15:1920(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32511(b) | 15:1920(b)(1). | |
| 32511(c) | 15:1920(b)(2). |
In subsection (a), the words "may prescribe or enforce . . . only if the standard is identical" are substituted for "no . . . shall have any authority to establish or enforce with respect to . . . which is not identical" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "a standard prescribed under
In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "to continue" are omitted as surplus. The words "a bumper standard about an aspect of performance . . . not covered by a standard prescribed under
In subsection (c), the words "that imposes additional or higher standards of performance than" are substituted for "which is not identical to . . . if such requirement imposes an additional or higher standard of performance" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.
CHAPTER 327 —ODOMETERS
§32701. Findings and purposes
(a)
(1) buyers of motor vehicles rely heavily on the odometer reading as an index of the condition and value of a vehicle;
(2) buyers are entitled to rely on the odometer reading as an accurate indication of the mileage of the vehicle;
(3) an accurate indication of the mileage assists a buyer in deciding on the safety and reliability of the vehicle; and
(4) motor vehicles move in, or affect, interstate and foreign commerce.
(b)
(1) to prohibit tampering with motor vehicle odometers; and
(2) to provide safeguards to protect purchasers in the sale of motor vehicles with altered or reset odometers.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32701(a) | 15:1981 (1st sentence). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32701(b) | 15:1981 (last sentence). |
§32702. Definitions
In this chapter—
(1) "auction company" means a person taking possession of a motor vehicle owned by another to sell at an auction.
(2) "dealer" means a person that sold at least 5 motor vehicles during the prior 12 months to buyers that in good faith bought the vehicles other than for resale.
(3) "distributor" means a person that sold at least 5 motor vehicles during the prior 12 months for resale.
(4) "leased motor vehicle" means a motor vehicle leased to a person for at least 4 months by a lessor that leased at least 5 vehicles during the prior 12 months.
(5) "odometer" means an instrument or system of components for measuring and recording the distance a motor vehicle is driven, but does not include an auxiliary instrument or system of components designed to be reset by the operator of the vehicle to record mileage of a trip.
(6) "repair" and "replace" mean to restore to a sound working condition by replacing any part of an odometer or by correcting any inoperative part of an odometer.
(7) "title" means the certificate of title or other document issued by the State indicating ownership.
(8) "transfer" means to change ownership by sale, gift, or any other means.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32702(1) | 15:1982(8). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32702(2) | 15:1982(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32702(3) | 15:1982(2). | |
| 32702(4) | 15:1982(7). | |
| 32702(5) | 15:1982(3). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32702(6) | 15:1982(4). | |
| 32702(7) | 15:1982(6). | |
| 32702(8) | 15:1982(5). |
In clause (1), the words "(whether through consignment or bailment or through any other arrangement)" and "such motor vehicle" are omitted as surplus.
In clause (4), the words "a term of" are omitted as surplus.
In clause (5), the words "the distance a motor vehicle is driven" are substituted for "the actual distance a motor vehicle travels while in operation" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.
Pub. L. 104–287
This amends 49:32702(8) and 32705 to clarify the restatement of 15:1982(5) and 1988 by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
Editorial Notes
Amendments
2012—Par. (5).
1996—Par. (8).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2012 Amendment
Amendment by
Effective Date of 1996 Amendment
Amendment by
§32703. Preventing tampering
A person may not—
(1) advertise for sale, sell, use, install, or have installed, a device that makes an odometer of a motor vehicle register a mileage different from the mileage the vehicle was driven, as registered by the odometer within the designed tolerance of the manufacturer of the odometer;
(2) disconnect, reset, alter, or have disconnected, reset, or altered, an odometer of a motor vehicle intending to change the mileage registered by the odometer;
(3) with intent to defraud, operate a motor vehicle on a street, road, or highway if the person knows that the odometer of the vehicle is disconnected or not operating; or
(4) conspire to violate this section or
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32703(1) | 15:1983. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32703(2) | 15:1984. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32703(3) | 15:1985. | |
| 32703(4) | 15:1986. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
In clause (1), the words "the mileage the vehicle was driven, as registered by the odometer within the designed tolerance of the manufacturer of the odometer" are substituted for "the true mileage driven. For purposes of this section, the true mileage driven is that mileage driven by the vehicle as registered by the odometer within the manufacturer's designed tolerance" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In clause (3), the words "public" and "road" are added for consistency in this subtitle.
Pub. L. 103–429
This amends 49:32703(3) to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1994—Par. (3).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Amendment by
§32704. Service, repair, and replacement
(a)
(1) the person shall adjust the odometer to read zero; and
(2) the owner of the vehicle or agent of the owner shall attach a written notice to the left door frame of the vehicle specifying the mileage before the service, repair, or replacement and the date of the service, repair, or replacement.
(b)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32704 | 15:1987. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
In subsection (b), the text of 15:1987(b)(1) is omitted as surplus.
§32705. Disclosure requirements on transfer of motor vehicles
(a)(1)
(A) Disclosure of the cumulative mileage registered on the odometer.
(B) Disclosure that the actual mileage is unknown, if the transferor knows that the odometer reading is different from the number of miles the vehicle has actually traveled.
(2) A person transferring ownership of a motor vehicle may not violate a regulation prescribed under this section or give a false statement to the transferee in making the disclosure required by such a regulation.
(3) A person acquiring a motor vehicle for resale may not accept a written disclosure under this section unless it is complete.
(4)(A) This subsection shall apply to all transfers of motor vehicles (unless otherwise exempted by the Secretary by regulation), except in the case of transfers of new motor vehicles from a vehicle manufacturer jointly to a dealer and a person engaged in the business of renting or leasing vehicles for a period of 30 days or less.
(B) For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "new motor vehicle" means any motor vehicle driven with no more than the limited use necessary in moving, transporting, or road testing such vehicle prior to delivery from the vehicle manufacturer to a dealer, but in no event shall the odometer reading of such vehicle exceed 300 miles.
(5) The Secretary may exempt such classes or categories of vehicles as the Secretary deems appropriate from these requirements. Until such time as the Secretary amends or modifies the regulations set forth in 49 CFR 580.6, such regulations shall have full force and effect.
(b)
(2)(A) Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, if the title to a motor vehicle issued to a transferor by a State is in the possession of a lienholder when the transferor transfers ownership of the vehicle, the transferor may use a written power of attorney (if allowed by State law) in making the mileage disclosure required under subsection (a) of this section. Regulations prescribed under this paragraph—
(i) shall prescribe the form of the power of attorney;
(ii) shall provide that the form be printed by means of a secure printing process (or other secure process);
(iii) shall provide that the State issue the form to the transferee;
(iv) shall provide that the person exercising the power of attorney retain a copy and submit the original to the State with a copy of the title showing the restatement of the mileage;
(v) may require that the State retain the power of attorney and the copy of the title for an appropriate period or that the State adopt alternative measures consistent with
(vi) shall ensure that the mileage at the time of transfer be disclosed on the power of attorney document;
(vii) shall ensure that the mileage be restated exactly by the person exercising the power of attorney in the space referred to in paragraph (3)(A)(iii) of this subsection;
(viii) may not require that a motor vehicle be titled in the State in which the power of attorney was issued;
(ix) shall consider the need to facilitate normal commercial transactions in the sale or exchange of motor vehicles; and
(x) shall provide other conditions the Secretary considers appropriate.
(B) Section 32709(a) and (b) applies to a person granting or granted a power of attorney under this paragraph.
(3)(A) A motor vehicle the ownership of which is transferred may not be licensed for use in a State unless the title issued by the State to the transferee—
(i) is produced by means of a secure printing process (or other secure process);
(ii) indicates the mileage disclosure required to be made under subsection (a) of this section; and
(iii) contains a space for the transferee to disclose the mileage at the time of a future transfer and to sign and date the disclosure.
(B) Subparagraph (A) of this paragraph does not require a State to verify, or preclude a State from verifying, the mileage information contained in the title.
(c)
(2) Under those regulations, the lessor shall provide written notice to the lessee of—
(A) the lessee's mileage disclosure requirements under paragraph (1) of this subsection; and
(B) the penalties for failure to comply with those requirements.
(3) The lessor shall retain the disclosures made by a lessee under paragraph (1) of this subsection for at least 4 years following the date the lessor transfers the leased motor vehicle.
(4) If the lessor transfers ownership of a leased motor vehicle without obtaining possession of the vehicle, the lessor, in making the disclosure required by subsection (a) of this section, may indicate on the title the mileage disclosed by the lessee under paragraph (1) of this subsection unless the lessor has reason to believe that the disclosure by the lessee does not reflect the actual mileage of the vehicle.
(d)
(e)
(1) the name of the most recent owner of the motor vehicle (except the auction company) and the name of the buyer of the motor vehicle.
(2) the vehicle identification number required under
(3) the odometer reading on the date the auction company took possession of the motor vehicle.
(f)
(2) If a State requests, the Secretary shall assist the State in revising its laws to comply with subsection (b) of this section. If a State requires time beyond April 28, 1989, to revise its laws to achieve compliance, the Secretary, on request of the State, may grant additional time that the Secretary considers reasonable by publishing a notice in the Federal Register. The notice shall include the reasons for granting the additional time. In granting additional time, the Secretary shall ensure that the State is making reasonable efforts to achieve compliance.
(g)
(1) Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of the Motor Vehicle and Highway Safety Improvement Act of 2012, in carrying out this section, the Secretary shall prescribe regulations permitting any written disclosures or notices and related matters to be provided electronically.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1) and subject to paragraph (3), a State, without approval from the Secretary under subsection (d), may allow for written disclosures or notices and related matters to be provided electronically if—
(A) in compliance with—
(i) the requirements of sub
(ii) the requirements of a State law under
(B) the disclosures or notices otherwise meet the requirements under this section, including appropriate authentication and security measures.
(3) Paragraph (2) ceases to be effective on the date the regulations under paragraph (1) become effective.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32705(a) | 15:1988(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 15:1988(b) (related to false statements). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
|
| 15:1988(c). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
|
| 32705(b)(1) | 15:1988(d)(1)(A), (B). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32705(b)(2) | 15:1988(d)(1)(C). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 15:1988 (note). | Nov. 28, 1990, |
|
| 32705(b)(3) | 15:1988(d)(2). | |
| 32705(c) | 15:1988(e). | |
| 32705(d) | 15:1988(f). | |
| 32705(e) | 15:1988(g). | |
| 32705(f) | 15:1988 (note). | Oct. 28, 1986, |
In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "Not later than 90 days after October 20, 1972" are omitted as executed. In clause (B), the words "if the transferor knows that the mileage registered by the odometer is incorrect" are substituted for "if the odometer reading is known to the transferor to be different from the number of miles the vehicle has actually traveled" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (b)(2)(A), before clause (i), the words "Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary" are substituted for "prescribed by rule by the Secretary" for consistency in the revised title and because "rule" is synonymous with "regulation". The words "to a transferor" are added for clarity. The words "before February 1, 1989" are omitted as expired. The words "in the possession of" are substituted for "physically held by", and the words "when the transferor transfers ownership of the vehicle" are substituted for "at the time of a transfer of such motor vehicle", for clarity and consistency. The words "the transferor may" are substituted for "nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prohibit" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. Clause (i) is substituted for "in a form" and clause (ii) is substituted for "in accordance with paragraph (2)(A)(i)" for clarity and consistency. In clause (iii), the words "consistent with the purposes of this Act and the need to facilitate enforcement thereof" are omitted as surplus. In clauses (iv), (v), (viii), and (ix), the amendment made by section 7(a) of the Independent Safety Board Act Amendments of 1990 (
In subsection (b)(3)(A), before clause (i), the words "following such transfer" are omitted as surplus. In clause (i), the word "produced" is substituted for "set forth" for clarity. In clause (iii), the words "(in the event of a future transfer)" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (d), the text of 15:1988(f)(1) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a).
In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "establish and" are omitted as executed.
In subsection (f)(1), the text of section 2(c)(3) of the Truth in Mileage Act of 1986 (
Pub. L. 103–429
This amends 49:32705(c)(2)(A) to clarify the restatement of 15:1988(e)(2)(A) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
Pub. L. 104–287
This amends 49:32702(8) and 32705 to clarify the restatement of 15:1982(5) and 1988 by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The date of enactment of the Motor Vehicle and Highway Safety Improvement Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (g)(1), is the date of enactment of title I of div. C of
Sub
Amendments
2015—Subsec. (g).
2012—Subsec. (g).
1998—Subsec. (a)(4), (5).
1996—Subsec. (a).
"(1) Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation, a person transferring ownership of a motor vehicle shall give the transferee a written disclosure—
"(A) of the cumulative mileage registered by the odometer; or
"(B) that the mileage is unknown if the transferor knows that the mileage registered by the odometer is incorrect.
"(2) A person making a written disclosure required by a regulation prescribed under paragraph (1) of this subsection may not make a false statement in the disclosure.
"(3) A person acquiring a motor vehicle for resale may accept a disclosure under this section only if it is complete.
"(4) The regulations prescribed by the Secretary shall provide the way in which information is disclosed and retained under this section."
Subsec. (b)(3)(A).
1994—Subsec. (c)(2)(A).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2012 Amendment
Amendment by
Effective Date of 1996 Amendment
Amendment by
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Amendment by
Regulations
1 See References in Text note below.
§32706. Inspections, investigations, and records
(a)
(b)
(A) enter and inspect commercial premises in which a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment is manufactured, held for shipment or sale, maintained, or repaired;
(B) enter and inspect noncommercial premises in which the Secretary reasonably believes there is a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment that is an object of a violation of this chapter;
(C) inspect that motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment; and
(D) impound for not more than 72 hours for inspection a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment that the Secretary reasonably believes is an object of a violation of this chapter.
(2) An inspection or impoundment under this subsection shall be conducted at a reasonable time, in a reasonable way, and with reasonable promptness. The written notice may consist of a warrant issued under
(c)
(d)
(A) to keep records;
(B) to provide information from those records if the Secretary states the purpose for requiring the information and identifies the information to the fullest extent practicable; and
(C) to allow an officer or employee designated by the Secretary to inspect relevant records of the dealer or distributor.
(2) This subsection and subsection (e)(1)(B) of this section do not authorize the Secretary to require a dealer or distributor to provide information on a regular periodic basis.
(e)
(A) inspect and copy records of any person at reasonable times;
(B) order a person to file written reports or answers to specific questions, including reports or answers under oath; and
(C) conduct hearings, administer oaths, take testimony, and require (by subpena or otherwise) the appearance and testimony of witnesses and the production of records the Secretary considers advisable.
(2) A witness summoned under this subsection is entitled to the same fee and mileage the witness would have been paid in a court of the United States.
(3) A civil action to enforce a subpena or order of the Secretary under this subsection may be brought in the United States district court for any judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary is conducted. The court may punish a failure to obey an order of the court to comply with the subpena or order of the Secretary as a contempt of court.
(f)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32706(a) | 15:1990d(a)(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32706(b) | 15:1990d(a)(2). | |
| 32706(c) | 15:1990d(a)(3). | |
| 32706(d) | 15:1990d(b). | |
| 32706(e)(1) | 15:1990d(c)(1)–(3). | |
| 32706(e)(2) | 15:1990d(c)(5). | |
| 32706(e)(3) | 15:1990d(c)(4). | |
| 32706(f) | 15:1990f. |
In subsection (a), the words "Subject to
In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "duly" and "stating their purpose and" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "any factory, warehouse, establishment, or other" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (b)(2), the words "shall be commenced and completed" are omitted as surplus. The words "a warrant issued under
In subsection (c), the words "the authority of" and "any item of" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "the Secretary may require" are substituted for "as the Secretary may reasonably require" and "as the Secretary finds necessary" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the words "such officer or employee" and "reason or" are omitted as surplus. In clause (C), the words "duly" and "upon request of such officer or employee" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (d)(2), the words "and subsection (e)(1)(B) of this section" are added for clarity.
In subsection (e)(1), before clause (A), the words "In carrying out this chapter" are substituted for "For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this subchapter", "In order to carry out the provisions of this subchapter", "relevant to any function of the Secretary under this subchapter", and "relating to any function of the Secretary under this subchapter" for consistency. The words "or, with the authorization of the Secretary, any officer or employee of the Department of Transportation" and "or his duly authorized agent" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(b). In clause (A), the words "inspect and copy" are substituted for "have access to, and for the purposes of examination the right to copy" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "records" is substituted for "documentary evidence" for consistency. The words "having materials or information" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the word "order" is substituted for "require, by general or special orders" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "in such form as the Secretary may prescribe" and "shall be filed with the Secretary within such reasonable period as the Secretary may prescribe" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). In clause (C), the words "sit and act at such times and places" are omitted as being included in "conduct hearings".
In subsection (e)(3), the words "A civil action to enforce a subpena or order of the Secretary under this subsection may be brought in the United States district court for the judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary was conducted" are substituted for 15:1990d(c)(4) (words before last comma) for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.
Pub. L. 103–429
This amends 49:32706(e)(3) to clarify the restatement of 15:1990d(c)(4) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
Pub. L. 105–102
This amends 49:32706(c) to correct a cross-reference necessary because of the restatement of subtitle IV of title 49 by the ICC Termination Act (
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1997—Subsec. (c).
1994—Subsec. (e)(3).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Amendment by
§32707. Administrative warrants
(a)
(b)
(2) A judge of a court of the United States or a State court of record or a United States magistrate may issue a warrant for an inspection or impoundment under
(A) establishes probable cause to issue the warrant; and
(B) is sworn to before the judge or magistrate by an officer or employee who knows the facts alleged in the affidavit.
(3) The judge or magistrate shall issue the warrant when the judge or magistrate decides there is a reasonable basis for believing that probable cause exists to issue the warrant. The warrant must—
(A) identify the premises, property, or motor vehicle to be inspected and the items or type of property to be impounded;
(B) state the purpose of the inspection, the basis for issuing the warrant, and the name of the affiant;
(C) direct an individual authorized under
(D) direct that the warrant be served during the hours specified in the warrant; and
(E) name the judge or magistrate with whom proof of service is to be filed.
(4) A warrant under this section is not required when—
(A) the owner, operator, or agent in charge of the premises consents;
(B) it is reasonable to believe that the mobility of the motor vehicle to be inspected makes it impractical to obtain a warrant;
(C) an application for a warrant cannot be made because of an emergency;
(D) records are to be inspected and copied under
(E) a warrant is not constitutionally required.
(c)
(2) When property is impounded under a warrant, the individual serving the warrant shall—
(A) give the person from whose possession or premises the property was impounded a copy of the warrant and a receipt for the property; or
(B) leave the copy and receipt at the place from which the property was impounded.
(3) The judge or magistrate shall file the warrant, proof of service, and all documents filed about the warrant with the clerk of the United States district court for the judicial district in which the inspection is made.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32707(a) | 15:1990e(b)(1) (last sentence). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32707(b)(1) | 15:1990e(a) (words before 1st comma). | |
| 32707(b)(2) | 15:1990e(b)(1) (1st sentence), (2) (1st sentence). | |
| 32707(b)(3) | 15:1990e(b)(2) (2d, last sentences). | |
| 32707(b)(4) | 15:1990e(a) (words after 1st comma). | |
| 32707(c)(1) | 15:1990e(b)(3) (1st, 3d–last sentences). | |
| 32707(c)(2) | 15:1990e(b)(3) (2d sentence). | |
| 32707(c)(3) | 15:1990e(b)(4). |
In subsection (a), the words "inspection or impoundment" are substituted for "administrative inspections of the area, factory, warehouse, establishment, premises, or motor vehicle, or contents thereof" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in this section.
In subsection (b)(1), the words "Except as provided in paragraph (4) of this subsection" are added for clarity. The words "an inspection or impoundment" are substituted for "any entry or administrative inspection (including impoundment of motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment)" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (b)(2), before clause (A), the words "inspection or impoundment" are substituted for "the purpose of conducting administrative inspections authorized by
In subsection (b)(3), before clause (A), the words "when the judge or magistrate decides there is a reasonable basis for believing that probable cause exists to issue the warrant" are substituted for "If the judge or magistrate is satisfied that grounds for the application exist or that there is a reasonable basis for believing they exist" for consistency in this section and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clauses (A) and (C), the words "area, factory, warehouse, establishment" are omitted as being included in "premises". In clause (A), the word "property" is substituted for "and, where appropriate, the type of property to be inspected, if any" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the words "the name of the affiant" are substituted for "the name of the person or persons whose affidavit has been taken in support thereof" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (C), the words "command the person to whom it is directed" are omitted as surplus. The word "property" is added for consistency with the source provisions restated in clause (A) of this paragraph. In clause (E), the words "proof of service is to be filed" are substituted for "it shall be returned" for clarity.
In subsection (b)(4)(A), the words "factory, warehouse, establishment" are omitted as being included in "premises".
Subsection (b)(4)(C) is substituted for 15:1990e(a)(3) to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (b)(4)(D), the words "are to be inspected and copied" are substituted for "for access to and examination" for consistency.
In subsection (b)(4)(E), the words "in any other situations where" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (c)(2)(A), the words "from whose possession or" are substituted for "from whom or from whose" for clarity.
In subsection (c)(3), the words "shall file the warrant, proof of service, and all documents filed about the warrant" are substituted for "shall attach to the warrant a copy of the return and all papers filed in connection therewith and shall file them" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "United States district court" are substituted for "district court of the United States" for consistency with the definition in section 32101 of the revised title and with other provisions of the chapter.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Change of Name
Reference to United States magistrate or to magistrate deemed to refer to United States magistrate judge pursuant to section 321 of
§32708. Confidentiality of information
(a)
(1) to another officer or employee of the United States Government for use in carrying out this chapter; or
(2) in a proceeding under this chapter.
(b)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32708 | 15:1990d(d). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "reported to or otherwise" and "or his representative" are omitted as surplus. The words "related to a confidential matter referred to" are substituted for "contains or relates to a trade secret or other matter referred to" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "shall be considered confidential for the purpose of that section" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (b), the words "a committee of Congress authorized to have the information" are substituted for "the duly authorized committees of the Congress" for clarity.
§32709. Penalties and enforcement
(a)
(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall impose a civil penalty under this subsection. The Attorney General shall bring a civil action to collect the penalty. Before referring a penalty claim to the Attorney General, the Secretary may compromise the amount of the penalty. Before compromising the amount of the penalty, the Secretary shall give the person charged with a violation an opportunity to establish that the violation did not occur.
(3) In determining the amount of a civil penalty under this subsection, the Secretary shall consider—
(A) the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation;
(B) with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior violations, the ability to pay, and any effect on the ability to continue doing business; and
(C) other matters that justice requires.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(A) to enjoin the violation; or
(B) to recover amounts for which the person is liable under
(2) An action under this subsection may be brought in an appropriate United States district court or in a State court of competent jurisdiction. The action must be brought not later than 2 years after the claim accrues.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32709(a) | 15:1988(b) (related to violating rules). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 15:1990b. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
|
| 32709(b) | 15:1988(b) (related to violating rules). | |
| 15:1990c. | ||
| 32709(c) | 15:1990. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32709(d) | 15:1990a. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
In subsection (a)(1), the words "that violates this chapter" are substituted for "who commits any act or causes to be done any act that violates any provision of this subchapter or omits to do any act or causes to be omitted any act that is required by any such provision" in 15:1990b(a) for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter" are substituted for "No transferor shall violate any rule prescribed under this section" in 15:1988 for consistency in the revised title and because "rule" is synonymous with "regulations". The words "A separate violation occurs for each motor vehicle or device involved in the violation" are substituted for "A violation of any such provision shall, for purposes of this section, constitute a separate violation with respect to each motor vehicle or device involved" in 15:1990b(a) to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (a)(2), the words "on behalf of the United States" are omitted as surplus. The words "Before compromising the amount of a penalty, the Secretary shall give" are substituted for "after affording" for clarity. The words "to present views and evidence in support thereof" and "alleged" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (b), the words "that knowingly and willfully violates this chapter" are substituted for "knowingly and willfully commits any act or causes to be done any act that violates any provision of this subchapter or knowingly and willfully omits to do any act or causes to be omitted any act that is required by such provision" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter" are substituted for "No transferor shall violate any rule prescribed under this section" in 15:1988 for consistency in the revised title and because "rule" is synonymous with "regulation". The words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "fined not more than $50,000" for consistency with title 18. The words "an act in violation of" are substituted for "any of the acts or practices constituting in whole or in part a violation of" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsections (c) and (d), the word "enjoin" is substituted for "restrain" for consistency.
In subsection (c), the words "The United States district courts shall have jurisdiction" are omitted because of 28:1331. The words "for cause shown and subject to the provisions of rule 65(a) and (b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure" are omitted as surplus because the rules apply in the absence of an exemption from them. The words "the violation occurred" are substituted for "wherein any act, omission, or transaction constituting the violation occurred", and the word "resides" is substituted for "is an inhabitant", to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "may be served in" are substituted for "may run into" for clarity.
In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter" are substituted for "requirement imposed under this subchapter" for consistency. The words "civil action" are substituted for "any action" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.).
In subsection (d)(2), the words "without regard to the amount in controversy" are omitted because jurisdiction is now allowed under 28:1331 without regard to the amount in controversy. The words "United States district court" are substituted for "district court of the United States" for consistency with the definition in section 32101 of the revised title and with other provisions of the chapter.
Editorial Notes
Amendments
2012—Subsec. (a)(1).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2012 Amendment
Amendment by
§32710. Civil actions by private persons
(a)
(b)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32710(a) | 15:1989(a)(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32710(b) | 15:1989(a)(2), (b). |
In subsection (a), the words "this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter" are substituted for "requirement imposed under this subchapter" for consistency.
In subsection (b), the words "A person may bring a civil action to enforce a claim" are substituted for "An action to enforce any liability created . . . may be brought" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The word "appropriate" is added for clarity. The words "without regard to the amount in controversy" are omitted because jurisdiction is now allowed under 28:1331 without regard to the amount in controversy. The words "after the claim accrues" are substituted for "from the date on which the liability arises" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "The court shall award . . . to the person when a judgment is entered for that person" are substituted for "in the case of any successful action to enforce the foregoing liability . . . as determined by the court" for clarity.
Editorial Notes
Amendments
2012—Subsec. (a).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2012 Amendment
Amendment by
§32711. Relationship to State law
Except to the extent that State law is inconsistent with this chapter, this chapter does not—
(1) affect a State law on disconnecting, altering, or tampering with an odometer with intent to defraud; or
(2) exempt a person from complying with that law.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32711 | 15:1991. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
In this section, before clause (1), the words "and then only to the extent of the inconsistency" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the word "affect" is substituted for "annul, alter, or affect" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (2), the words "subject to the provisions of this subchapter" are omitted as surplus.
CHAPTER 329 —AUTOMOBILE FUEL ECONOMY
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1994—
§32901. Definitions
(a)
(1) "alternative fuel" means—
(A) methanol;
(B) denatured ethanol;
(C) other alcohols;
(D) except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a mixture containing at least 85 percent of methanol, denatured ethanol, and other alcohols by volume with gasoline or other fuels;
(E) natural gas;
(F) liquefied petroleum gas;
(G) hydrogen;
(H) coal derived liquid fuels;
(I) fuels (except alcohol) derived from biological materials;
(J) electricity (including electricity from solar energy); and
(K) any other fuel the Secretary of Transportation prescribes by regulation that is not substantially petroleum and that would yield substantial energy security and environmental benefits.
(2) "alternative fueled automobile" means an automobile that is a—
(A) dedicated automobile; or
(B) dual fueled automobile.
(3) except as provided in
(A) a vehicle operated only on a rail line;
(B) a vehicle manufactured in different stages by 2 or more manufacturers, if no intermediate or final-stage manufacturer of that vehicle manufactures more than 10,000 multi-stage vehicles per year; or
(C) a work truck.
(4) "automobile manufactured by a manufacturer" includes every automobile manufactured by a person that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the manufacturer, but does not include an automobile manufactured by the person that is exported not later than 30 days after the end of the model year in which the automobile is manufactured.
(5) "average fuel economy" means average fuel economy determined under
(6) "average fuel economy standard" means a performance standard specifying a minimum level of average fuel economy applicable to a manufacturer in a model year.
(7) "commercial medium- and heavy-duty on-highway vehicle" means an on-highway vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or more.
(8) "dedicated automobile" means an automobile that operates only on alternative fuel.
(9) "dual fueled automobile" means an automobile that—
(A) is capable of operating on alternative fuel or a mixture of biodiesel and diesel fuel meeting the standard established by the American Society for Testing and Materials or under section 211(u) of the Clean Air Act (
(B) provides equal or superior energy efficiency, as calculated for the applicable model year during fuel economy testing for the United States Government, when operating on alternative fuel as when operating on gasoline or diesel fuel;
(C) for model years 1993–1995 for an automobile capable of operating on a mixture of an alternative fuel and gasoline or diesel fuel and if the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency decides to extend the application of this subclause, for an additional period ending not later than the end of the last model year to which section 32905(b) and (d) of this title applies, provides equal or superior energy efficiency, as calculated for the applicable model year during fuel economy testing for the Government, when operating on a mixture of alternative fuel and gasoline or diesel fuel containing exactly 50 percent gasoline or diesel fuel as when operating on gasoline or diesel fuel; and
(D) for a passenger automobile, meets or exceeds the minimum driving range prescribed under subsection (c) of this section.
(10) "fuel" means—
(A) gasoline;
(B) diesel oil; or
(C) other liquid or gaseous fuel that the Secretary decides by regulation to include in this definition as consistent with the need of the United States to conserve energy.
(11) "fuel economy" means the average number of miles traveled by an automobile for each gallon of gasoline (or equivalent amount of other fuel) used, as determined by the Administrator under
(12) "import" means to import into the customs territory of the United States.
(13) "manufacture" (except under
(14) "manufacturer" means—
(A) a person engaged in the business of manufacturing automobiles, including a predecessor or successor of the person to the extent provided under regulations prescribed by the Secretary; and
(B) if more than one person is the manufacturer of an automobile, the person specified under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
(15) "model" means a class of automobiles as decided by regulation by the Administrator after consulting and coordinating with the Secretary.
(16) "model year", when referring to a specific calendar year, means—
(A) the annual production period of a manufacturer, as decided by the Administrator, that includes January 1 of that calendar year; or
(B) that calendar year if the manufacturer does not have an annual production period.
(17) "non-passenger automobile" means an automobile that is not a passenger automobile or a work truck.
(18) "passenger automobile" means an automobile that the Secretary decides by regulation is manufactured primarily for transporting not more than 10 individuals, but does not include an automobile capable of off-highway operation that the Secretary decides by regulation—
(A) has a significant feature (except 4-wheel drive) designed for off-highway operation; and
(B) is a 4-wheel drive automobile or is rated at more than 6,000 pounds gross vehicle weight.
(19) "work truck" means a vehicle that—
(A) is rated at between 8,500 and 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight; and
(B) is not a medium-duty passenger vehicle (as defined in section 86.1803–01 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on the date of the enactment of the Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy Act).
(b)
(c)
(2)(A) The Secretary may prescribe a lower range for a specific model than that prescribed under paragraph (1) of this subsection. A manufacturer may petition for a lower range than that prescribed under paragraph (1) for a specific model.
(B) The minimum driving range prescribed for dual fueled automobiles (except electric automobiles) under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph or paragraph (1) of this subsection must be at least 200 miles, except that beginning with model year 2016, alternative fueled automobiles that use a fuel described in subparagraph (E) of subsection (a)(1) shall have a minimum driving range of 150 miles.
(C) If the Secretary prescribes a minimum driving range of 200 miles for dual fueled automobiles (except electric automobiles) under paragraph (1) of this subsection, subparagraph (A) of this paragraph does not apply to dual fueled automobiles (except electric automobiles). Beginning with model year 2016, if the Secretary prescribes a minimum driving range of 150 miles for alternative fueled automobiles that use a fuel described in subparagraph (E) of subsection (a)(1), subparagraph (A) shall not apply to dual fueled automobiles (except electric automobiles).
(3) In prescribing a minimum driving range under paragraph (1) of this subsection and in taking an action under paragraph (2) of this subsection, the Secretary shall consider the purpose set forth in section 3 of the Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988 (
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32901(a)(1) | 15:2013(h)(1)(A) (less words in 1st parentheses). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32901(a)(2) | 15:2013(h)(1)(B). | |
| 32901(a)(3) | 15:2001(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 15:2001(13), (14). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
|
| 32901(a)(4) | 15:2003(c). | |
| 32901(a)(5) | 15:2001(4). | |
| 32901(a)(6) | 15:2001(7). | |
| 32901(a)(7) | 15:2013(h)(1)(C). | |
| 32901(a)(8) | 15:2001(h)(1)(D). | |
| 32901(a)(9) | 15:2001(5). | |
| 32901(a)(10) | 15:2001(6). | |
| 32901(a)(11) | 15:2001(10). | |
| 32901(a)(12) | 15:2001(9). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32901(a)(13) | 15:2001(8). | |
| 32901(a)(14) | 15:2001(11). | |
| 32901(a)(15) | 15:2001(12). | |
| 32901(a)(16) | 15:2001(2), (3). | |
| 32901(b) | 15:2013(h)(1)(A) (words in 1st parentheses). | |
| 32901(c)(1) | 15:2013(h)(2)(A). | |
| 32901(c)(2) | 15:2013(h)(2)(B), (C). | |
| 32901(c)(3) | 15:2013(h)(2)(D). |
In this chapter, the word "model" is substituted for "model type" for consistency in this part.
In subsection (a)(3), before clause (A), the words "except as provided in
In subsection (a)(4), the words " 'automobile manufactured by a manufacturer' includes" are substituted for "Any reference in this subchapter to automobiles manufactured by a manufacturer shall be deemed—(1) to include" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "every" is substituted for "all" because of the restatement. The words "but does not include" are substituted for "to exclude" for consistency. The words "manufactured by the person" are substituted for "manufactured (within the meaning of paragraph (1))" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (a)(10), the words "in accordance with procedures established" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (a)(14), the word "particular" is omitted as surplus.
Subsection (a)(15)(B) is substituted for "If a manufacturer has no annual production period, the term 'model year' means the calendar year" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (a)(16), before clause (A), the words "but does not include an automobile capable of off-highway operation that" are substituted for "(other than an automobile capable of off-highway operation)" and "The term 'automobile capable of off-highway operation' means any automobile which" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (b), the words "The Secretary may prescribe regulations changing the percentage . . . to not less than 70 percent because of" are substituted for "but not less than 70 percent, as determined by the Secretary, by rule, to provide for" for clarity and because of the restatement.
In subsection (c)(1), the words "For purposes of the definitions in paragraph (1)(D)" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words "within 18 months after October 14, 1988" are omitted as obsolete. The words "prescribe by regulation" are substituted for "establish by rule of general applicability" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and because "rule" is synonymous with "regulation". The words "that are passenger automobiles" are substituted for "The rule issued under this subparagraph shall apply only to dual fueled automobiles that are passenger automobiles" to eliminate unnecessary words.
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The date of the enactment of the Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(19)(B), is the date of enactment of subtitle A (§§101–113) of title I of
Section 3 of the Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988, referred to in subsec. (c)(3), is section 3 of
Amendments
2014—Subsec. (c)(2)(B).
Subsec. (c)(2)(C).
2007—Subsec. (a)(3).
"(A) not more than 6,000 pounds gross vehicle weight; or
"(B) more than 6,000, but less than 10,000, pounds gross vehicle weight, if the Secretary decides by regulation that—
"(i) an average fuel economy standard under this chapter for the vehicle is feasible; and
"(ii) an average fuel economy standard under this chapter for the vehicle will result in significant energy conservation or the vehicle is substantially used for the same purposes as a vehicle rated at not more than 6,000 pounds gross vehicle weight."
Subsec. (a)(7), (8).
Subsec. (a)(9).
Subsec. (a)(9)(A).
Subsec. (a)(10) to (16).
Subsec. (a)(17).
Subsec. (a)(18).
Subsec. (a)(19).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2007 Amendment
Amendment by
Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save
"
"
"(1) authorize the issuance of an electronic voucher, subject to the specifications set forth in subsection (c), to offset the purchase price or lease price for a qualifying lease of a new fuel efficient automobile upon the surrender of an eligible trade-in vehicle to a dealer participating in the Program;
"(2) register dealers for participation in the Program and require that all registered dealers—
"(A) accept vouchers as provided in this section as partial payment or down payment for the purchase or qualifying lease of any new fuel efficient automobile offered for sale or lease by that dealer; and
"(B) in accordance with subsection (c)(2), to transfer each eligible trade-in vehicle surrendered to the dealer under the Program to an entity for disposal;
"(3) in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, make electronic payments to dealers for eligible transactions by such dealers, in accordance with the regulations issued under subsection (d); and
"(4) in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury and the Inspector General of the Department of Transportation, establish and provide for the enforcement of measures to prevent and penalize fraud under the program.
"(b)
"(1) $3,500
"(A) the new fuel efficient automobile is a passenger automobile and the combined fuel economy value of such automobile is at least 4 miles per gallon higher than the combined fuel economy value of the eligible trade-in vehicle;
"(B) the new fuel efficient automobile is a category 1 truck and the combined fuel economy value of such truck is at least 2 miles per gallon higher than the combined fuel economy value of the eligible trade-in vehicle;
"(C) the new fuel efficient automobile is a category 2 truck that has a combined fuel economy value of at least 15 miles per gallon and—
"(i) the eligible trade-in vehicle is a category 2 truck and the combined fuel economy value of the new fuel efficient automobile is at least 1 mile per gallon higher than the combined fuel economy value of the eligible trade-in vehicle; or
"(ii) the eligible trade-in vehicle is a category 3 truck of model year 2001 or earlier; or
"(D) the new fuel efficient automobile is a category 3 truck and the eligible trade-in vehicle is a category 3 truck of model year of 2001 or earlier and is of similar size or larger than the new fuel efficient automobile as determined in a manner prescribed by the Secretary.
"(2) $4,500
"(A) the new fuel efficient automobile is a passenger automobile and the combined fuel economy value of such automobile is at least 10 miles per gallon higher than the combined fuel economy value of the eligible trade-in vehicle;
"(B) the new fuel efficient automobile is a category 1 truck and the combined fuel economy value of such truck is at least 5 miles per gallon higher than the combined fuel economy value of the eligible trade-in vehicle; or
"(C) the new fuel efficient automobile is a category 2 truck that has a combined fuel economy value of at least 15 miles per gallon and the combined fuel economy value of such truck is at least 2 miles per gallon higher than the combined fuel economy value of the eligible trade-in vehicle and the eligible trade-in vehicle is a category 2 truck.
"(c)
"(1)
"(A)
"(B)
"(C)
"(D)
"(E)
"(F)
"(G)
"(2)
"(A)
"(i) has not and will not sell, lease, exchange, or otherwise dispose of the vehicle for use as an automobile in the United States or in any other country; and
"(ii) will transfer the vehicle (including the engine block), in such manner as the Secretary prescribes, to an entity that will ensure that the vehicle—
"(I) will be crushed or shredded within such period and in such manner as the Secretary prescribes; and
"(II) has not been, and will not be, sold, leased, exchanged, or otherwise disposed of for use as an automobile in the United States or in any other country.
"(B)
"(i) selling any parts of the disposed vehicle other than the engine block and drive train (unless with respect to the drive train, the transmission, drive shaft, or rear end are sold as separate parts); or
"(ii) retaining the proceeds from such sale.
"(C)
"(d)
"(1) provide for a means of registering dealers for participation in the Program;
"(2) establish procedures for the reimbursement of dealers participating in the Program to be made through electronic transfer of funds for the amount of the vouchers as soon as practicable but no longer than 10 days after the submission of information supporting the eligible transaction, as deemed appropriate by the Secretary;
"(3) require the dealer to use the voucher in addition to any other rebate or discount advertised by the dealer or offered by the manufacturer for the new fuel efficient automobile and prohibit the dealer from using the voucher to offset any such other rebate or discount;
"(4) require dealers to disclose to the person trading in an eligible trade-in vehicle the best estimate of the scrappage value of such vehicle and to permit the dealer to retain $50 of any amounts paid to the dealer for scrappage of the automobile as payment for any administrative costs to the dealer associated with participation in the Program;
"(5) consistent with subsection (c)(2), establish requirements and procedures for the disposal of eligible trade-in vehicles and provide such information as may be necessary to entities engaged in such disposal to ensure that such vehicles are disposed of in accordance with such requirements and procedures, including—
"(A) requirements for the removal and appropriate disposition of refrigerants, antifreeze, lead products, mercury switches, and such other toxic or hazardous vehicle components prior to the crushing or shredding of an eligible trade-in vehicle, in accordance with rules established by the Secretary in consultation with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and in accordance with other applicable Federal or State requirements;
"(B) a mechanism for dealers to certify to the Secretary that each eligible trade-in vehicle will be transferred to an entity that will ensure that the vehicle is disposed of, in accordance with such requirements and procedures, and to submit the vehicle identification numbers of the vehicles disposed of and the new fuel efficient automobile purchased with each voucher;
"(C) a mechanism for obtaining such other certifications as deemed necessary by the Secretary from entities engaged in vehicle disposal; and
"(D) a list of entities to which dealers may transfer eligible trade-in vehicles for disposal; and
"(6) provide for the enforcement of the penalties described in subsection (e).
"(e)
"(1)
"(2)
"(f)
"(1) how to determine if a vehicle is an eligible trade-in vehicle;
"(2) how to participate in the Program, including how to determine participating dealers; and
"(3) a comprehensive list, by make and model, of new fuel efficient automobiles meeting the requirements of the Program.
Once such information is available, the Secretary shall conduct a public awareness campaign to inform consumers about the Program and where to obtain additional information.
"(g)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) a description of Program results, including—
"(i) the total number and amount of vouchers issued for purchase or lease of new fuel efficient automobiles by manufacturer (including aggregate information concerning the make, model, model year) and category of automobile;
"(ii) aggregate information regarding the make, model, model year, and manufacturing location of vehicles traded in under the Program; and
"(iii) the location of sale or lease;
"(B) an estimate of the overall increase in fuel efficiency in terms of miles per gallon, total annual oil savings, and total annual greenhouse gas reductions, as a result of the Program; and
"(C) an estimate of the overall economic and employment effects of the Program.
"(3)
"(h)
"(1)
"(2)
"(i)
"(1) the term 'passenger automobile' means a passenger automobile, as defined in
"(2) the term 'category 1 truck' means a nonpassenger automobile, as defined in
"(3) the term 'category 2 truck' means a large van or a large pickup, as categorized by the Secretary using the method used by the Environmental Protection Agency and described in the report entitled 'Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 through 2008';
"(4) the term 'category 3 truck' means a work truck, as defined in
"(5) the term 'combined fuel economy value' means—
"(A) with respect to a new fuel efficient automobile, the number, expressed in miles per gallon, centered below the words 'Combined Fuel Economy' on the label required to be affixed or caused to be affixed on a new automobile pursuant to subpart D of part 600 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations;
"(B) with respect to an eligible trade-in vehicle, the equivalent of the number described in subparagraph (A), and posted under the words 'Estimated New EPA MPG' and above the word 'Combined' for vehicles of model year 1984 through 2007, or posted under the words 'New EPA MPG' and above the word 'Combined' for vehicles of model year 2008 or later on the fueleconomy.gov website of the Environmental Protection Agency for the make, model, and year of such vehicle; or
"(C) with respect to an eligible trade-in vehicle manufactured between model years 1978 through 1985, the equivalent of the number described in subparagraph (A) as determined by the Secretary (and posted on the website of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) using data maintained by the Environmental Protection Agency for the make, model, and year of such vehicle.
"(6) the term 'dealer' means a person licensed by a State who engages in the sale of new automobiles to ultimate purchasers;
"(7) the term 'eligible trade-in vehicle' means an automobile or a work truck (as such terms are defined in
"(A) is in drivable condition;
"(B) has been continuously insured consistent with the applicable State law and registered to the same owner for a period of not less than 1 year immediately prior to such trade-in;
"(C) was manufactured less than 25 years before the date of the trade-in; and
"(D) in the case of an automobile, has a combined fuel economy value of 18 miles per gallon or less;
"(8) the term 'new fuel efficient automobile' means an automobile described in paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4)—
"(A) the equitable or legal title of which has not been transferred to any person other than the ultimate purchaser;
"(B) that carries a manufacturer's suggested retail price of $45,000 or less;
"(C) that—
"(i) in the case of passenger automobiles, category 1 trucks, or category 2 trucks, is certified to applicable standards under section 86.1811–04 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations; or
"(ii) in the case of category 3 trucks, is certified to the applicable vehicle or engine standards under section 86.1816–08, 86–007–11 [probably means 86.007–11], or 86.008–10 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations; and
"(D) that has the combined fuel economy value of at least—
"(i) 22 miles per gallon for a passenger automobile;
"(ii) 18 miles per gallon for a category 1 truck; or
"(iii) 15 miles per gallon for a category 2 truck;
"(9) the term 'Program' means the Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save Program established by this section;
"(10) the term 'qualifying lease' means a lease of an automobile for a period of not less than 5 years;
"(11) the term 'scrappage value' means the amount received by the dealer for a vehicle upon transferring title of such vehicle to the person responsible for ensuring the dismantling and destroying of the vehicle;
"(12) the term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of Transportation acting through the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration;
"(13) the term 'ultimate purchaser' means, with respect to any new automobile, the first person who in good faith purchases such automobile for purposes other than resale;
"(14) the term 'vehicle identification number' means the 17 character number used by the automobile industry to identify individual automobiles; and
"(15) the term 'voucher' means an electronic transfer of funds to a dealer based on an eligible transaction under this program.
"(j)
§32902. Average fuel economy standards
(a)
(b)
(1)
(A) passenger automobiles manufactured by manufacturers in each model year beginning with model year 2011 in accordance with this subsection;
(B) non-passenger automobiles manufactured by manufacturers in each model year beginning with model year 2011 in accordance with this subsection; and
(C) work trucks and commercial medium-duty or heavy-duty on-highway vehicles in accordance with subsection (k).
(2)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(3)
(A) prescribe by regulation separate average fuel economy standards for passenger and non-passenger automobiles based on 1 or more vehicle attributes related to fuel economy and express each standard in the form of a mathematical function; and
(B) issue regulations under this title prescribing average fuel economy standards for at least 1, but not more than 5, model years.
(4)
(A) 27.5 miles per gallon; or
(B) 92 percent of the average fuel economy projected by the Secretary for the combined domestic and non-domestic passenger automobile fleets manufactured for sale in the United States by all manufacturers in the model year, which projection shall be published in the Federal Register when the standard for that model year is promulgated in accordance with this section.
(c)
(d)
(A) finds that the applicable standard under those subsections is more stringent than the maximum feasible average fuel economy level that the manufacturer can achieve; and
(B) prescribes by regulation an alternative average fuel economy standard for the passenger automobiles manufactured by the exempted manufacturer that the Secretary decides is the maximum feasible average fuel economy level for the manufacturers to which the alternative standard applies.
(2) An alternative average fuel economy standard the Secretary of Transportation prescribes under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection may apply to an individually exempted manufacturer, to all automobiles to which this subsection applies, or to classes of passenger automobiles, as defined under regulations of the Secretary, manufactured by exempted manufacturers.
(3) Notwithstanding paragraph (1) of this subsection, an importer registered under
(A) imports; or
(B) brings into compliance with applicable motor vehicle safety standards prescribed under
(4) The Secretary of Transportation may prescribe the contents of an application for an exemption.
(e)
(A) as an ambulance or combination ambulance-hearse;
(B) by the United States Government or a State or local government for law enforcement; or
(C) for other emergency uses prescribed by regulation by the Secretary of Transportation.
(2) A manufacturer may elect to have the fuel economy of an emergency vehicle excluded in applying a fuel economy standard under subsection (a), (b), (c), or (d) of this section. The election is made by providing written notice to the Secretary of Transportation and to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
(f)
(g)
(2) When the Secretary of Transportation prescribes an amendment under this section that makes an average fuel economy standard more stringent, the Secretary shall prescribe the amendment (and submit the amendment to Congress when required under subsection (c)(2) of this section) at least 18 months before the beginning of the model year to which the amendment applies.
(h)
(1) may not consider the fuel economy of dedicated automobiles;
(2) shall consider dual fueled automobiles to be operated only on gasoline or diesel fuel; and
(3) may not consider, when prescribing a fuel economy standard, the trading, transferring, or availability of credits under section 32903.
(i)
(j)
(2) Before taking final action on a standard or an exemption from a standard under this section, the Secretary of Transportation shall notify the Secretary of Energy and provide the Secretary of Energy a reasonable time to comment.
(k)
(1)
(A) the appropriate test procedures and methodologies for measuring the fuel efficiency of such vehicles and work trucks;
(B) the appropriate metric for measuring and expressing commercial medium- and heavy-duty on-highway vehicle and work truck fuel efficiency performance, taking into consideration, among other things, the work performed by such on-highway vehicles and work trucks and types of operations in which they are used;
(C) the range of factors, including, without limitation, design, functionality, use, duty cycle, infrastructure, and total overall energy consumption and operating costs that affect commercial medium- and heavy-duty on-highway vehicle and work truck fuel efficiency; and
(D) such other factors and conditions that could have an impact on a program to improve commercial medium- and heavy-duty on-highway vehicle and work truck fuel efficiency.
(2)
(3)
(A) 4 full model years of regulatory lead-time; and
(B) 3 full model years of regulatory stability.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32902(a) | 15:2002(b). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32902(b) | 15:2002(a)(1), (3). | |
| 32902(c)(1) | 15:2002(a)(4) (words before 5th comma), (h). | |
| 32902(c)(2) | 15:2002(a)(4) (words after 5th comma), (5). | |
| 32902(d) | 15:1397 (note). | Oct. 31, 1988, |
| 15:2002(c). | ||
| 32902(e) | 15:2002(g). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32902(f) | 15:2002(e) (1st sentence). | |
| 32902(g) | 15:2002(f). | |
| 32902(h) | 15:2002(e) (last sentence). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 15:2013(g)(2)(B). | ||
| 32902(i) | 15:2002(i) (1st sentence). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32902(j) | 15:2002(i) (2d, last sentences), (j). |
In subsection (a), the words "Any standard applicable to a model year under this subsection shall be prescribed" are omitted as surplus. The words "which begins more than 30 months after December 22, 1975" are omitted as executed.
In subsection (b), the text of 15:2002(a)(1) (related to model years before 1985) and (3) is omitted as expired. The words "at least" are omitted as unnecessary because of the source provisions restated in subsection (c) of this section.
In subsection (c)(1), the words "Subject to paragraph (2) of this subsection" are added for clarity. The words "may prescribe regulations amending" are substituted for "may, by rule, amend" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and because "rule" is synonymous with "regulation". The words "for a model year" are substituted for "for model year 1985, or for any subsequent model year" to eliminate the expired limitation. The reference in 15:2002(h) to 15:2002(d) is omitted because 15:2002(d) is omitted from the revised title as executed. The words "as well as written" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (c)(2), the words "If an amendment increases the standard . . . or decreases the standard" are substituted for "except that any amendment that has the effect of increasing . . . a standard . . ., or of decreasing . . . a standard" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "For purposes of considering any modification which is submitted to the Congress under paragraph (4)" are omitted as surplus. The words "are deemed to be" are substituted for "shall be lengthened to" for clarity and consistency.
In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "Except as provided in paragraph (3) of this subsection" are added because of the restatement. The words "in the model year 2 years before" are substituted for "in the second model year preceding" for clarity. The words "The Secretary may exempt a manufacturer only if the Secretary" are substituted for "Such exemption may only be granted if the Secretary" and "The Secretary may not issue exemptions with respect to a model year unless he" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "each such standard shall be set at a level which" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (d)(3), before clause (A), the words "Notwithstanding paragraph (1) of this subsection" are substituted for "Notwithstanding any provision of law authorizing exemptions from energy conservation requirements for manufacturers of fewer than 10,000 motor vehicles" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the word "compliance" is substituted for "conformity" for consistency with
Subsection (d)(4) is substituted for 15:2002(c)(1) (2d sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 15:2002(c)(2) is omitted as expired.
In subsection (e)(1)(B), the words "police or other" are omitted as unnecessary because the authority to prescribe standards includes the authority to amend those standards.
In subsection (g)(1), the words "from time to time" are omitted as unnecessary. The cross-reference to 15:2002(a)(3) is omitted as executed because 15:2002(a)(3) applied to model years 1981–1984.
In subsection (g)(2), the words "that makes" are substituted for "has the effect of making" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (i), the words "his responsibilities under" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (j), the reference to 15:2002(d) and the words "or any modification of" are omitted because 15:2002(d) is omitted from the revised title as executed.
In subsection (j)(1), the words "to prescribe or amend" are substituted for "to establish, reduce, or amend" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "adverse impact" are substituted for "level" for clarity and consistency. The words "those comments" are substituted for "unaccommodated comments" for clarity.
Editorial Notes
References in Text
Section 108 of the Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy Act, referred to in subsec. (k)(1), is section 108 of
Amendments
2007—Subsec. (a).
Subsec. (b).
Subsec. (c).
Subsec. (h)(3).
Subsec. (k).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2007 Amendment
Amendment by
Continued Applicability of Existing Standards
National Academy of Sciences Studies
"(a)
"(1) an assessment of automotive technologies and costs to reflect developments since the Academy's 2002 report evaluating the corporate average fuel economy standards was conducted;
"(2) an analysis of existing and potential technologies that may be used practically to improve automobile and medium-duty and heavy-duty truck fuel economy;
"(3) an analysis of how such technologies may be practically integrated into the automotive and medium-duty and heavy-duty truck manufacturing process; and
"(4) an assessment of how such technologies may be used to meet the new fuel economy standards under
"(b)
"(c)
Executive Documents
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Memorandum of President of the United States, Jan. 26, 2009, 74 F.R. 4907, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of Transportation [and] the Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
In 2007, the Congress passed the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA). This law mandates that, as part of the Nation's efforts to achieve energy independence, the Secretary of Transportation prescribe annual fuel economy increases for automobiles, beginning with model year 2011, resulting in a combined fuel economy fleet average of at least 35 miles per gallon by model year 2020. On May 2, 2008, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking entitled Average Fuel Economy Standards, Passenger Cars and Light Trucks; Model Years 2011–2015, 73 Fed. Reg. 24352. In the notice and comment period, the NHTSA received numerous comments, some of them contending that certain aspects of the proposed rule, including appendices providing for preemption of State laws, were inconsistent with provisions of EISA and the Supreme Court's decision in Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency, 549 U.S. 497 (2007).
Federal law requires that the final rule regarding fuel economy standards be adopted at least 18 months before the beginning of the model year (
Therefore, I request that:
(a) in order to comply with the EISA requirement that fuel economy increases begin with model year 2011, you take all measures consistent with law, and in coordination with the Environmental Protection Agency, to publish in the Federal Register by March 30, 2009, a final rule prescribing increased fuel economy for model year 2011;
(b) before promulgating a final rule concerning model years after model year 2011, you consider the appropriate legal factors under the EISA, the comments filed in response to the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, the relevant technological and scientific considerations, and to the extent feasible, the forthcoming report by the National Academy of Sciences mandated under section 107 of EISA; and
(c) in adopting the final rules in paragraphs (a) and (b) above, you consider whether any provisions regarding preemption are consistent with the EISA, the Supreme Court's decision in Massachusetts v. EPA and other relevant provisions of law and the policies underlying them.
This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
The Secretary of Transportation is hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.
Barack Obama.
Improving Energy Security, American Competitiveness and Job Creation, and Environmental Protection Through a Transformation of Our Nation's Fleet of Cars And Trucks
Memorandum of President of the United States, May 21, 2010, 75 F.R. 29399, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of Transportation[,] the Secretary of Energy[,] the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency[, and] the Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
America has the opportunity to lead the world in the development of a new generation of clean cars and trucks through innovative technologies and manufacturing that will spur economic growth and create high-quality domestic jobs, enhance our energy security, and improve our environment. We already have made significant strides toward reducing greenhouse gas pollution and enhancing fuel efficiency from motor vehicles with the joint rulemaking issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on April 1, 2010, which regulates these attributes of passenger cars and light-duty trucks for model years 2012–2016. In this memorandum, I request that additional coordinated steps be taken to produce a new generation of clean vehicles.
While the Federal Government and many States have now created a harmonized framework for addressing the fuel economy of and greenhouse gas emissions from cars and light-duty trucks, medium- and heavy-duty trucks and buses continue to be a major source of fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas pollution. I therefore request that the Administrators of the EPA and the NHTSA immediately begin work on a joint rulemaking under the Clean Air Act (CAA) and the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) to establish fuel efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions standards for commercial medium- and heavy-duty vehicles beginning with model year 2014, with the aim of issuing a final rule by July 30, 2011. As part of this rule development process, I request that the Administrators of the EPA and the NHTSA:
(a) Propose and take comment on strategies, including those designed to increase the use of existing technologies, to achieve substantial annual progress in reducing transportation sector emissions and fossil fuel consumption consistent with my Administration's overall energy and climate security goals. These strategies should consider whether particular segments of the diverse heavy-duty vehicle sector present special opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase fuel economy. For example, preliminary estimates indicate that large tractor trailers, representing half of all greenhouse gas emissions from this sector, can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 20 percent and increase their fuel efficiency by as much as 25 percent with the use of existing technologies;
(b) Include fuel efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions standards that take into account the market structure of the trucking industry and the unique demands of heavy-duty vehicle applications; seek harmonization with applicable State standards; consider the findings and recommendations published in the National Academy of Science report on medium- and heavy-duty truck regulation; strengthen the industry and enhance job creation in the United States; and
(c) Seek input from all stakeholders, while recognizing the continued leadership role of California and other States.
Building on the earlier joint rulemaking, and in order to provide greater certainty and incentives for long-term innovation by automobile and light-duty vehicle manufacturers, I request that the Administrators of the EPA and the NHTSA develop, through notice and comment rulemaking, a coordinated national program under the CAA and the EISA to improve fuel efficiency and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of passenger cars and light-duty trucks of model years 2017–2025. The national program should seek to produce joint Federal standards that are harmonized with applicable State standards, with the goal of ensuring that automobile manufacturers will be able to build a single, light-duty national fleet. The program should also seek to achieve substantial annual progress in reducing transportation sector greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel consumption, consistent with my Administration's overall energy and climate security goals, through the increased domestic production and use of existing, advanced, and emerging technologies, and should strengthen the industry and enhance job creation in the United States. As part of implementing the national program, I request that the Administrators of the EPA and the NHTSA:
(a) Work with the State of California to develop by September 1, 2010, a technical assessment to inform the rulemaking process, reflecting input from an array of stakeholders on relevant factors, including viable technologies, costs, benefits, lead time to develop and deploy new and emerging technologies, incentives and other flexibilities to encourage development and deployment of new and emerging technologies, impacts on jobs and the automotive manufacturing base in the United States, and infrastructure for advanced vehicle technologies; and
(b) Take all measures consistent with law to issue by September 30, 2010, a Notice of Intent to Issue a Proposed Rule that announces plans for setting stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions standards for light-duty vehicles of model year 2017 and beyond, including plans for initiating joint rulemaking and gathering any additional information needed to support regulatory action. The Notice should describe the key elements of the program that the EPA and the NHTSA intend jointly to propose, under their respective statutory authorities, including potential standards that could be practicably implemented nationally for the 2017–2025 model years and a schedule for setting those standards as expeditiously as possible, consistent with providing sufficient lead time to vehicle manufacturers.
The success of our efforts to achieve enhanced energy security and to protect the environment also depends upon the development of infrastructure and promotion of fuels, including biofuels, which will enable the development and widespread deployment of advanced technologies. Therefore, I further request that:
(a) The Administrator of the EPA review for adequacy the current nongreenhouse gas emissions regulations for new motor vehicles, new motor vehicle engines, and motor vehicle fuels, including tailpipe emissions standards for nitrogen oxides and air toxics, and sulfur standards for gasoline. If the Administrator of the EPA finds that new emissions regulations are required, then I request that the Administrator of the EPA promulgate such regulations as part of a comprehensive approach toward regulating motor vehicles; and [sic]
(b) The Secretary of Energy promote the deployment of advanced technology vehicles by providing technical assistance to cities preparing for deployment of electric vehicles, including plug-in hybrids and all-electric vehicles; and
(c) The Department of Energy work with stakeholders on the development of voluntary standards to facilitate the robust deployment of advanced vehicle technologies and coordinate its efforts with the Department of Transportation, the NHTSA, and the EPA.
(a) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law, including international trade obligations, and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(b) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
(c) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(1) authority granted by law to a department, agency, or the head thereof; or
(2) functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
The Secretary of Transportation is hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.
Barack Obama.
§32903. Credits for exceeding average fuel economy standards
(a)
(1) any of the 3 consecutive model years immediately before the model year for which the credits are earned; and
(2) to the extent not used under paragraph (1) 1 any of the 5 consecutive model years immediately after the model year for which the credits are earned.
(b)
(2)(A) Before the end of a model year, if a manufacturer has reason to believe that its average fuel economy for passenger automobiles will be less than the applicable standard for that model year, the manufacturer may submit a plan to the Secretary of Transportation demonstrating that the manufacturer will earn sufficient credits under this section within the next 3 model years to allow the manufacturer to meet that standard for the model year involved. Unless the Secretary finds that the manufacturer is unlikely to earn sufficient credits under the plan, the Secretary shall approve the plan. Those credits are available for the model year involved if—
(i) the Secretary approves the plan; and
(ii) the manufacturer earns those credits as provided by the plan.
(B) If the average fuel economy of a manufacturer is less than the applicable standard under subsections (a) through (d) of section 32902 after applying credits under subsection (a)(1) of this section, the Secretary of Transportation shall notify the manufacturer and give the manufacturer a reasonable time (of at least 60 days) to submit a plan.
(c)
(1) the number of tenths of a mile a gallon by which the average fuel economy of the passenger automobiles manufactured by the manufacturer in the model year in which the credits are earned exceeds the applicable average fuel economy standard under subsections (a) through (d) of section 32902; times
(2) the number of passenger automobiles manufactured by the manufacturer during that model year.
(d)
(e)
(f)
(1)
(2)
(g)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(A) for model years 2011 through 2013, 1.0 mile per gallon;
(B) for model years 2014 through 2017, 1.5 miles per gallon; and
(C) for model year 2018 and subsequent model years, 2.0 miles per gallon.
(4)
(5)
(6)
(A)
(B)
(i) Passenger automobiles manufactured domestically.
(ii) Passenger automobiles not manufactured domestically.
(iii) Non-passenger automobiles.
(h)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32903(a) | 15:2002(l)(1)(B), (4). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32903(b)(1) | 15:2002(l)(1)(A). | |
| 32903(b)(2) | 15:2002(l)(1)(C). | |
| 32903(c) | 15:2002(l)(1)(D). | |
| 32903(d) | 15:2002(l)(1)(E). | |
| 32903(e) | 15:2002(l)(2). | |
| 32903(f) | 15:2002(l)(3). |
In this section, various forms of the words "apply credits" are substituted for various forms of "credits are available to be taken into account" to be more concise and to make more clear the distinction between when credits are available and to what years they may be applied.
In subsection (a), before clause (1), the text of 15:2002(l)(4) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). The words "any adjustment under subsection (d) of this section" are omitted because 15:2002(d) is omitted from the revised title as executed. The words "calculated under subparagraph (C)" (which apparently should be "calculated under subparagraph (D)") are omitted as surplus. In clauses (1) and (2), the words "with respect to the average fuel economy of that manufacturer" are omitted as surplus. The words "year for which the credits are earned" are substituted for "year in which such manufacturer exceeds such applicable average fuel economy standard" to eliminate unnecessary words.
Subsection (b)(1) is substituted for 15:2002(l)(1)(A) to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (b)(2)(A) is substituted for 15:2002(l)(1)(C)(i)–(iii) to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (e), the words "as provided in this section for passenger automobiles" are substituted for "as provided for under paragraph (1)" for clarity. The text of 15:2002(l)(2) (last sentence) is omitted as expired.
Editorial Notes
Amendments
2007—Subsec. (a).
Subsec. (a)(2).
Subsecs. (b)(2)(B), (c)(1).
Subsecs. (f) to (h).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2007 Amendment
Amendment by
1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.
§32904. Calculation of average fuel economy
(a)
(A)
(B) section 32902(b)–(d) of this title by dividing—
(i) the number of passenger automobiles manufactured by the manufacturer in a model year; by
(ii) the sum of the fractions obtained by dividing the number of passenger automobiles of each model manufactured by the manufacturer in that model year by the fuel economy measured for that model.
(2)(A) In this paragraph, "electric vehicle" means a vehicle powered primarily by an electric motor drawing electrical current from a portable source.
(B) If a manufacturer manufactures an electric vehicle, the Administrator shall include in the calculation of average fuel economy under paragraph (1) of this subsection equivalent petroleum based fuel economy values determined by the Secretary of Energy for various classes of electric vehicles. The Secretary shall review those values each year and determine and propose necessary revisions based on the following factors:
(i) the approximate electrical energy efficiency of the vehicle, considering the kind of vehicle and the mission and weight of the vehicle.
(ii) the national average electrical generation and transmission efficiencies.
(iii) the need of the United States to conserve all forms of energy and the relative scarcity and value to the United States of all fuel used to generate electricity.
(iv) the specific patterns of use of electric vehicles compared to petroleum-fueled vehicles.
(b)
(i) passenger automobiles manufactured domestically by a manufacturer (or included in this category under paragraph (5) of this subsection); and
(ii) passenger automobiles not manufactured domestically by that manufacturer (or excluded from this category under paragraph (5) of this subsection).
(B) Passenger automobiles described in subparagraph (A)(i) and (ii) of this paragraph are deemed to be manufactured by separate manufacturers under this chapter, except for the purposes of section 32903.
(2) In this subsection (except as provided in paragraph (3)), a passenger automobile is deemed to be manufactured domestically in a model year if at least 75 percent of the cost to the manufacturer is attributable to value added in the United States or Canada, unless the assembly of the automobile is completed in Canada and the automobile is imported into the United States more than 30 days after the end of the model year.
(3)(A) In this subsection, a passenger automobile is deemed to be manufactured domestically in a model year, as provided in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, if at least 75 percent of the cost to the manufacturer is attributable to value added in the United States, Canada, or Mexico, unless the assembly of the automobile is completed in Canada or Mexico and the automobile is imported into the United States more than 30 days after the end of the model year.
(B) Subparagraph (A) of this paragraph applies to automobiles manufactured by a manufacturer and sold in the United States, regardless of the place of assembly, as follows:
(i) A manufacturer that began assembling automobiles in Mexico before model year 1992 may elect, during the period from January 1, 1997, through January 1, 2004, to have subparagraph (A) of this paragraph apply to all automobiles manufactured by that manufacturer beginning with the model year that begins after the date of the election.
(ii) For a manufacturer that began assembling automobiles in Mexico after model year 1991, subparagraph (A) of this paragraph applies to all automobiles manufactured by that manufacturer beginning with the model year that begins after January 1, 1994, or the model year beginning after the date the manufacturer begins assembling automobiles in Mexico, whichever is later.
(iii) A manufacturer not described in clause (i) or (ii) of this subparagraph that assembles automobiles in the United States or Canada, but not in Mexico, may elect, during the period from January 1, 1997, through January 1, 2004, to have subparagraph (A) of this paragraph apply to all automobiles manufactured by that manufacturer beginning with the model year that begins after the date of the election. However, if the manufacturer begins assembling automobiles in Mexico before making an election under this subparagraph, this clause does not apply, and the manufacturer is subject to clause (ii) of this subparagraph.
(iv) For a manufacturer that does not assemble automobiles in the United States, Canada, or Mexico, subparagraph (A) of this paragraph applies to all automobiles manufactured by that manufacturer beginning with the model year that begins after January 1, 1994.
(v) For a manufacturer described in clause (i) or (iii) of this subparagraph that does not make an election within the specified period, subparagraph (A) of this paragraph applies to all automobiles manufactured by that manufacturer beginning with the model year that begins after January 1, 2004.
(C) The Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe reasonable procedures for elections under subparagraph (B) of this paragraph.
(4) In this subsection, the fuel economy of a passenger automobile that is not manufactured domestically is deemed to be equal to the average fuel economy of all passenger automobiles manufactured by the same manufacturer that are not manufactured domestically.
(5)(A) A manufacturer may submit to the Secretary of Transportation for approval a plan, including supporting material, stating the actions and the deadlines for taking the actions, that will ensure that the model or models referred to in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph will be manufactured domestically before the end of the 4th model year covered by the plan. The Secretary promptly shall consider and act on the plan. The Secretary shall approve the plan unless—
(i) the Secretary finds that the plan is inadequate to meet the requirements of this paragraph; or
(ii) the manufacturer previously has submitted a plan approved by the Secretary under this paragraph.
(B) If the plan is approved, the Administrator shall include under paragraph (1)(A)(i) and exclude under paragraph (1)(A)(ii) of this subsection, for each of the 4 model years covered by the plan, not more than 150,000 passenger automobiles manufactured by that manufacturer but not qualifying as domestically manufactured if—
(i) the model or models involved previously have not been manufactured domestically;
(ii) at least 50 percent of the cost to the manufacturer of each of the automobiles is attributable to value added in the United States or Canada;
(iii) the automobiles, if their assembly was completed in Canada, are imported into the United States not later than 30 days after the end of the model year; and
(iv) the model or models are manufactured domestically before the end of the 4th model year covered by the plan.
(c)
(d)
(e)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32904(a)(1) | 15:2003(a)(1), (2). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32904(a)(2) | 15:2003(a)(3). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32904(b)(1) | 15:2003(b)(2). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32904(b)(2) | 15:2003(b)(1). | |
| 32904(b)(3) | 15:2003(b)(4). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32904(b) (4)–(6) | 15:2003(b)(3). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32904(c) | 15:2003(d)(1) (1st–3d sentences), (2), (e). | |
| 32904(d) | 15:2003(d)(3). | |
| 32904(e) | 15:2003(d)(1) (last sentence), (f). |
In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "of a manufacturer subject to" are substituted for "for the purposes of" for clarity. In clause (B)(ii), the words "the sum of the fractions obtained by" are substituted for "a sum of terms, each term of which is a fraction created by" to eliminate unnecessary words.
Subsection (a)(2)(A) is substituted for "as defined in
In subsection (a)(2)(B), before clause (i), the words "the Administrator shall include in the calculation of average fuel economy" are substituted for "the average fuel economy will be calculated . . . to include" for clarity. The text of 15:2003(a)(3)(B) is omitted as executed. The words "determine and propose" are substituted for "propose" for clarity and consistency with the authority of the Secretary under the source provisions. The words "based on the following factors" are substituted for "Determination of these fuel economy values will take into account the following parameters" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The factors in clauses (i)–(iv) are applied to revisions in fuel economy values for clarity and consistency with the authority of the Secretary under the source provisions. In clause (iv), the words "patterns of use" are substituted for "driving patterns" for clarity.
In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the text of 15:2003(b)(2)(A)–(D) is omitted as executed. In clause (A), the words "is imported . . . more than 30 days after" are substituted for "is not imported . . . prior to the expiration of 30 days following" for clarity and for consistency in the revised chapter. The words "The EPA Administrator may prescribe rules for purposes of carrying out this subparagraph" are omitted as surplus because of the authority of the Administrator to prescribe regulations under section 32910(d) of the revised title. The term "regulations" is used in section 32910(d) instead of "rules" for consistency in the revised title and because the terms are synonymous. In clause (B), the words "which is imported by a manufacturer in model year 1978 or any subsequent year, as the case may be, and" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (b)(2)(A), before clause (i), the words "Except as provided in paragraphs (4) and (5) of this subsection" are added for clarity. The words "the Administrator shall make separate calculations" are substituted for "In calculating average fuel economy . . . the EPA Administrator shall separate the total number of passenger automobiles manufactured by a manufacturer into the following two categories" and "The EPA Administrator shall calculate the average fuel economy of each such separate category" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clauses (i) and (ii), the reference in the parenthetical to paragraph (3) is substituted for the reference in the source to paragraph (3), which apparently should have been a reference to paragraph (4). The text of 15:2003(b)(1)(A) (words in parentheses) and (B) (words in parentheses) is omitted as executed.
Subsection (b)(2)(B) is substituted for 15:2003(b)(1) (words after last comma) because of the restatement.
In subsection (b)(3)(A), before clause (i), the word "deadlines" is substituted for "dates" for clarity. The text of 15:2003(b)(4)(C) is omitted as executed.
In subsection (b)(4)(A), before clause (i), the words "A manufacturer may file with the Secretary of Transportation a petition for an exemption from the requirement of separate calculations under paragraph (2)(A) of this subsection" are substituted for "petition . . . for an exemption from the provisions of paragraph (1) filed by a manufacturer, the Secretary" for clarity.
In subsection (b)(5)(B), the words "judgment of the court under this subparagraph may be reviewed" are substituted for "judgment of the court affirming, remanding, or setting aside, in whole or in part, any such decision shall be final, subject to review" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (b)(5)(C), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law" are omitted as surplus. The words "a petition for" are added for consistency.
In subsection (c), the words "of a model type" and "of a manufacturer" are omitted as surplus. The words "by rule" are omitted as surplus because of the authority of the Administrator to prescribe regulations under section 32910(d) of the revised title. The term "regulations" is used in section 32910(d) instead of "rules" for consistency in the revised title and because the terms are synonymous. The words "However . . . the Administrator shall use the same procedures for passenger automobiles the Administrator used" are substituted for "Procedures so established with respect to passenger automobiles . . . shall be the procedures utilized by the EPA Administrator" for clarity. The words "(in accordance with rules of the EPA Administrator)" are omitted as surplus. The words "fuel economy tests shall be carried out with" are substituted for "Procedures under this subsection . . . shall require that fuel economy tests be conducted in conjunction with" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (d), the words "The Administrator shall prescribe a procedure under this section, or an amendment . . . at least" are substituted for "Testing and calculation procedures applicable to a model year and any amendment to such procedures . . . shall be promulgated not less than" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (e), the words "his duties under" are omitted as surplus.
Pub. L. 103–429, §6(36)(A)
This makes conforming amendments necessary because of the restatement of 15:2003(b)(2)(G) as 49:32904(b)(3) by section 6(36)(B) of the bill.
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32904(b) | 15:2003(b)(2)(E), (G). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
The text of 49:32904(b)(1) is the text of 49:32904(b)(2), as enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
The text of subsection (b)(2) is the text of 49:32904(b)(1)(A), as enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
In subsection (b)(3)(A), the words "is imported . . . more than 30 days after" are substituted for "is not imported . . . prior to the expiration of 30 days following" for clarity and consistency with
In subsection (b)(3)(C), the words "and the EPA Administrator may prescribe rules for purposes of carrying out this subparagraph" are omitted as surplus because of the authority of the Administrator to prescribe regulations under 49:32910(d). The amendment made by section 371(b)(2) of the North American Free Trade Implementation Act (
The text of subsection (b)(4) is the text of 49:32904(b)(1)(B), as enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
Pub. L. 103–429, §6(36)(C), (D)
This makes conforming amendments necessary because of the restatement of 15:2003(b)(2)(G) as 49:32904(b)(3) by section 6(36)(B) of the bill.
Editorial Notes
Amendments
2007—Subsec. (b)(1)(B).
Subsec. (b)(6) to (8).
1996—Subsec. (b)(6)(C).
1994—Subsec. (b)(1).
"(A) a passenger automobile is deemed to be manufactured domestically in a model year if at least 75 percent of the cost to the manufacturer is attributable to value added in the United States or Canada, unless the assembly of the automobile is completed in Canada and the automobile is imported into the United States more than 30 days after the end of the model year; and
"(B) the fuel economy of a passenger automobile that is not manufactured domestically is deemed to be equal to the average fuel economy of all passenger automobiles manufactured by the same manufacturer that are not manufactured domestically."
Subsec. (b)(2).
"(2)(A) Except as provided in paragraphs (4) and (5) of this subsection, the Administrator shall make separate calculations under subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section for—
"(i) passenger automobiles manufactured domestically by a manufacturer (or included in this category under paragraph (3) of this subsection); and
"(ii) passenger automobiles not manufactured domestically by that manufacturer (or excluded from this category under paragraph (3) of this subsection).
"(B) Passenger automobiles described in subparagraph (A)(i) and (ii) of this paragraph are deemed to be manufactured by separate manufacturers under this chapter."
Subsec. (b)(3), (4).
Subsec. (b)(5).
Subsec. (b)(5)(B).
Subsec. (b)(6).
Subsec. (b)(6)(A).
Subsec. (b)(7), (8).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2007 Amendment
Amendment by
Effect of Repeal on Existing Exemptions
"(b)
"(c)
§32905. Manufacturing incentives for alternative fuel automobiles
(a)
(b)
(1) .5 divided by the fuel economy measured under
(2) .5 divided by the fuel economy—
(A) measured under subsection (a) when operating the model on alternative fuel; or
(B) measured based on the fuel content of B20 when operating the model on B20, which is deemed to contain 0.15 gallon of fuel.
(c)
(d)
(1) .5 divided by the fuel economy measured under
(2) .5 divided by the fuel economy measured under subsection (c) of this section when operating the model on gaseous fuel.
(e)
(1)
(A) the percentage utilization of the model on gasoline or diesel fuel, as determined by a formula based on the model's alternative fuel range, divided by the fuel economy measured under section 32904(c); and
(B) the percentage utilization of the model on electricity, as determined by a formula based on the model's alternative fuel range, divided by the fuel economy measured under section 32904(a)(2).
(2)
(f)
(g)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32905(a) | 15:2013(a), (f)(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32905(b) | 15:2013(b), (f)(1). | |
| 32905(c) | 15:2013(c), (f)(1). | |
| 32905(d) | 15:2013(d), (f)(1). | |
| 32905(e) | 15:2013(e). | |
| 32905(f) | 15:2013(f)(2)(B). | |
| 32905(g) | 15:2013(f)(2)(A). |
In subsections (a) and (c), the words "after model year 1992" are substituted for "Subsections (a) and (c) shall apply only to automobiles manufactured after model year 1992" because of the restatement.
In subsections (b) and (d), before each clause (1), the words "in model years 1993–2004" are substituted for "Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, subsections (b) and (d) shall apply only to automobiles manufactured in model year 1993 through model year 2004" to eliminate unnecessary words and because of the restatement.
In subsection (c), the words "For purposes of this section" and "than natural gas" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words "a gallon equivalent of natural gas" are omitted as being included in "A gallon equivalent of any gaseous fuel".
In subsection (e), the words "subject to the provisions of this section" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words "for each model described under subsections (a)–(d) of this section" are substituted for "for each model type of dedicated automobile or dual fueled automobile" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "by using as the denominator" are substituted for "by including as the denominator of the term" for clarity.
Editorial Notes
Amendments
2014—Subsecs. (e) to (g).
2007—Subsec. (b).
Subsec. (b)(2).
Subsec. (d).
Subsecs. (f) to (h).
2005—Subsecs. (b), (d).
Subsec. (f).
Subsec. (f)(1).
Subsec. (h).
1996—Subsec. (g).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2007 Amendment
Amendment by
§32906. Maximum fuel economy increase for alternative fuel automobiles
(a)
(1) 1.2 miles a gallon for each of model years 1993 through 2014;
(2) 1.0 miles per gallon for model year 2015;
(3) 0.8 miles per gallon for model year 2016;
(4) 0.6 miles per gallon for model year 2017;
(5) 0.4 miles per gallon for model year 2018;
(6) 0.2 miles per gallon for model year 2019; and
(7) 0 miles per gallon for model years after 2019.
(b)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32906(a) | 15:2013(g)(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32906(b) | 15:2013(g)(2)(A). |
Editorial Notes
Amendments
2014—Subsec. (a).
Subsec. (b).
2007—
2005—Subsec. (a)(1)(A).
Subsec. (a)(1)(B).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2007 Amendment
Amendment by
§32907. Reports and tests of manufacturers
(a)
(A) whether the manufacturer will comply with an applicable average fuel economy standard under
(B) the actions the manufacturer has taken or intends to take to comply with the standard; and
(C) other information the Secretary requires by regulation.
(2) A manufacturer shall submit a report under paragraph (1) of this subsection during the 30 days—
(A) before the beginning of each model year; and
(B) beginning on the 180th day of the model year.
(3) When a manufacturer decides that actions reported under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection are not sufficient to ensure compliance with that standard, the manufacturer shall report to the Secretary additional actions the manufacturer intends to take to comply with the standard and include a statement about whether those actions are sufficient to ensure compliance.
(4) This subsection does not apply to a manufacturer for a model year for which the manufacturer is subject to an alternative average fuel economy standard under
(b)
(2) The district courts of the United States may—
(A) issue an order enforcing a requirement or request under paragraph (1) of this subsection; and
(B) punish a failure to obey the order as a contempt of court.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32907(a) | 15:2005(a)(1)–(3). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 15:2005(a)(4). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
|
| 32907(b) | 15:2005(c). |
In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "shall report to the Secretary of Transportation on" are substituted for "shall submit a report to the Secretary . . . Each such report shall contain (A) a statement as to" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the words "the actions" are substituted for "a plan which describes the steps" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (a)(2)(A), the words "after model year 1977" are omitted as obsolete.
In subsection (a)(3), the words "actions reported . . . are not sufficient to ensure compliance with that standard" are substituted for "a plan submitted . . . which he stated was sufficient to insure compliance with applicable average fuel economy standards is not sufficient to insure such compliance" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the section. The words "additional actions" are substituted for "a revised plan which specifies any additional measures" for consistency in the section. The text of 15:2005(a)(3) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a).
In subsection (b)(1), the words "Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary or the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to carry out this chapter" are substituted for "as the Secretary or the EPA Administrator may, by rule, reasonably require to enable the Secretary or the EPA Administrator to carry out their duties under this subchapter and under any rules prescribed pursuant to this subchapter" to eliminate unnecessary words, for consistency in the revised title, and because "rules" and "regulations" are synonymous. The words "establish and" are omitted as surplus. The 2d sentence is substituted for 15:2005(c) (2d sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency. The text of 15:2005(c)(1) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus because of section 32910(d) of the revised title and 49:322(a).
Subsection (b)(2)(A) is substituted for "if a manufacturer refuses to accede to any rule or reasonable request made under paragraph (1), issue an order requiring compliance with such requirement or request" to eliminate unnecessary words.
Subsection (b)(2)(B) is substituted for 15:2005(c) (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words.
§32908. Fuel economy information
(a)
(1) "automobile" includes an automobile rated at not more than 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight regardless of whether the Secretary of Transportation has applied this chapter to the automobile under
(2) "dealer" means a person residing or located in a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States, and engaged in the sale or distribution of new automobiles to the first person (except a dealer buying as a dealer) that buys the automobile in good faith other than for resale.
(b)
(A) the fuel economy of the automobile.
(B) the estimated annual fuel cost of operating the automobile.
(C) the range of fuel economy of comparable automobiles of all manufacturers.
(D) a statement that a booklet is available from the dealer to assist in making a comparison of fuel economy of other automobiles manufactured by all manufacturers in that model year.
(E) the amount of the automobile fuel efficiency tax imposed on the sale of the automobile under section 4064 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (
(F) other information required or authorized by the Administrator that is related to the information required by clauses (A)–(D) of this paragraph.
(2) The Administrator may allow a manufacturer to comply with this subsection by—
(A) disclosing the information on the label required under section 3 of the Automobile Information Disclosure Act (
(B) including the statement required by paragraph (1)(E) of this subsection at a time and in a way that takes into account special circumstances or characteristics.
(3) For dedicated automobiles manufactured after model year 1992, the fuel economy of those automobiles under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection is the fuel economy for those automobiles when operated on alternative fuel, measured under section 32905(a) or (c) of this title, multiplied by .15. Each label required under paragraph (1) of this subsection for dual fueled automobiles shall—
(A) indicate the fuel economy of the automobile when operated on gasoline or diesel fuel;
(B) clearly identify the automobile as a dual fueled automobile;
(C) clearly identify the fuels on which the automobile may be operated; and
(D) contain a statement informing the consumer that the additional information required by subsection (c)(2) of this section is published and distributed by the Secretary of Energy.
(c)
(A) shall be simple and readily understandable;
(B) shall contain information on fuel economy and estimated annual fuel costs of operating automobiles manufactured in each model year; and
(C) may contain information on geographical or other differences in estimated annual fuel costs.
(2)(A) For dual fueled automobiles manufactured after model year 1992, the booklet published under paragraph (1) shall contain additional information on—
(i) the energy efficiency and cost of operation of those automobiles when operated on gasoline or diesel fuel as compared to those automobiles when operated on alternative fuel; and
(ii) the driving range of those automobiles when operated on gasoline or diesel fuel as compared to those automobiles when operated on alternative fuel.
(B) For dual fueled automobiles, the booklet published under paragraph (1) also shall contain—
(i) information on the miles a gallon achieved by the automobiles when operated on alternative fuel; and
(ii) a statement explaining how the information made available under this paragraph can be expected to change when the automobile is operated on mixtures of alternative fuel and gasoline or diesel fuel.
(3) The Secretary of Energy shall publish and distribute the booklet. The Administrator shall prescribe regulations requiring dealers to make the booklet available to prospective buyers.
(d)
(e)
(1) a violation of section 3 of the Automobile Information Disclosure Act (
(2) an unfair or deceptive act or practice in or affecting commerce under the Federal Trade Commission Act (
(f)
(g)
(1)
(A) to label new automobiles sold in the United States with—
(i) information reflecting an automobile's performance on the basis of criteria that the Administrator shall develop, not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of the Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy Act, to reflect fuel economy and greenhouse gas and other emissions over the useful life of the automobile;
(ii) a rating system that would make it easy for consumers to compare the fuel economy and greenhouse gas and other emissions of automobiles at the point of purchase, including a designation of automobiles—
(I) with the lowest greenhouse gas emissions over the useful life of the vehicles; and
(II) the highest fuel economy; and
(iii) a permanent and prominent display that an automobile is capable of operating on an alternative fuel; and
(B) to include in the owner's manual for vehicles capable of operating on alternative fuels information that describes that capability and the benefits of using alternative fuels, including the renewable nature and environmental benefits of using alternative fuels.
(2)
(A)
(B)
(3)
(4)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32908(a) | 15:2006(c)(2). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 15:2006(c)(3). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
|
| 32908(b)(1), (2) | 15:2006(a)(1)–(3). | |
| 32908(b)(3) | 15:2006(a)(4). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 15:2006 (note). | Oct. 14, 1988, |
|
| 32908(c)(1) | 15:2006(b)(1) (1st sentence). | |
| 32908(c)(2) | 15:2006(b)(3). | |
| 15:2006 (note). | ||
| 32908(c)(3) | 15:2006(b)(1) (last sentence), (2). | |
| 32908(d) | 15:2006(d). | |
| 32908(e) | 15:2006(c)(1). | |
| 32908(f) | 15:2006(e). |
In this section, references to the Secretary of Energy are substituted for references to the Administrator of the Federal Energy Administration because of 42:7151.
In subsection (a)(1), the words "regardless of whether the Secretary of Transportation has applied this chapter to the automobile" are substituted for "notwithstanding any lack of determination required of the Secretary" for consistency with section 32901(b) of the revised title.
In subsection (a)(2), the words "means a person residing or located in a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States, and engaged in the sale or distribution of new automobiles to the first person (except a dealer buying as a dealer) that buys the automobile in good faith other than for resale" are substituted for "has the same meaning as such term has in section 2(e) of the Automobile Information Disclosure Act (
In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the text of 15:2006(a)(2) is omitted as executed. The words "Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (2)" are omitted as surplus because 15:2006(a)(2) is executed and is not part of the revised title. The words "Under regulations of the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency" are substituted for "as determined in accordance with rules of the EPA Administrator" and the text of 15:2006(a)(3) (1st, 2d sentences) to eliminate unnecessary words, for consistency in the revised title, and because "rules" is synonymous with "regulations". The word "attach" is substituted for "cause to be affixed", to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "after model year 1976" are omitted as executed. The words "The label shall contain the following information" are substituted for "indicating" and "containing" for clarity. In clause (C), the words "of all manufacturers" are substituted for "(whether or not manufactured by such manufacturer)" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (D), the words "a booklet is available from the dealer to assist in making a comparison of fuel economy of other automobiles manufactured by all manufacturers in that model year" are substituted for "written information (as described in subsection (b)(1) of this section) with respect to the fuel economy of other automobiles manufactured in such model year (whether or not manufactured by such manufacturer) is available from the dealer in order to facilitate comparison among the various model types" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (E), the words "automobile fuel efficiency tax imposed on the sale of the automobile under section 4064 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (
In subsection (b)(3)(D), the words "Secretary of Energy" are substituted for "Department of Energy" because of 42:7131.
In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "compile and" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (c)(3), the words "not later than July 31, 1976" are omitted as executed. The words "make the booklet available to prospective buyers" are substituted for "make available to prospective purchasers information compiled by the EPA Administrator under paragraph (1)" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (d), the words "which is required to be made", "an express or implied", and "that such fuel economy will be achieved, or that such cost will not be exceeded, under conditions of actual use" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (f), the words "his duties under" are omitted as surplus.
Pub. L. 103–429
This amends 49:32908(b)(1) to clarify the restatement of 15:2006(a)(1) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(2), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311,
The date of the enactment of the Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy Act, referred to in subsec. (g)(1)(A)(i), (4), is the date of enactment of subtitle A (§§101–113) of title I of
Subsection (h) of
Amendments
2007—Subsec. (g).
1994—Subsec. (b)(1).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2007 Amendment
Amendment by
Periodic Review of Accuracy of Fuel Economy Labeling Procedures
"(1) reevaluate the fuel economy labeling procedures described in the final rule published in the Federal Register on December 27, 2006 (71 Fed. Reg. 77,872; 40 CFR parts 86 and 600) to determine whether changes in the factors used to establish the labeling procedures warrant a revision of that process; and
"(2) submit a report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives that describes the results of the reevaluation process."
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Amendment by
1 See References in Text note below.
§32909. Judicial review of regulations
(a)
(2) A person adversely affected by a regulation prescribed under
(b)
(c)
(2) The Secretary or the Administrator may amend or set aside the regulation, or prescribe a new regulation because of the additional submissions presented. The Secretary or Administrator shall file an amended or new regulation and the additional submissions with the court. The court shall review a changed or new regulation.
(d)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32909(a)(1) | 15:2004(a) (1st sentence words before 4th and after 6th commas, last sentence). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32909(a)(2) | 15:2004(a) (4th sentence). | |
| 15:2008(e)(3)(A) (1st sentence less 15th–31st words), (B). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
|
| 32909(b) | 15:2004(a) (1st sentence words between 4th and 6th commas, 2d, 3d sentences). | |
| 15:2008(e)(3)(A) (1st sentence 15th–31st words, 2d, last sentences). | ||
| 32909(c) | 15:2004(b). | |
| 32909(d) | 15:2004(c), (d). | |
| 15:2008(e)(3)(C). |
In this section, the word "regulation" is substituted for "rule" for consistency in the revised title and because the terms are synonymous.
In subsection (a)(1) and (2), the words "apply for review" are added for clarity.
In subsection (a)(1), the text of 15:2004(a) (last sentence) is omitted because 15:2002(d) is executed and is not a part of the revised title.
In subsection (a)(2), the words "adversely affected" are substituted for "aggrieved", and the words "regulation prescribed" are substituted for "final rule", for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The text of 15:2004(a) (4th sentence) and 2008(e)(3)(B) is omitted because 5:ch. 7 applies unless otherwise stated.
In subsection (b), the words "a regulation prescribing an amendment of a standard submitted to Congress" are substituted for "or in the case of an amendment submitted to each House of Congress" in 15:2004(a), and the words "the Secretary of Transportation or the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, whoever prescribed the regulation" are substituted for "the officer who prescribed the rule", for clarity. The words "a record of the proceeding in which the regulation was prescribed" are substituted for "the written submissions and other materials in the proceeding upon which such rule was based" in 15:2004(a) and "the written submissions to, and transcript of, the written and oral proceedings on which the rule was based, as provided in
In subsection (c)(1), the words "on request of the petitioner" are substituted for "If the petitioner applies to the court in a proceeding under subsection (a) of this section for leave to make additional submissions", and the words "to receive additional submissions" are substituted for "to provide additional opportunity to make such submissions", for clarity.
In subsection (c)(2), the words "amend . . . the regulation" and "amended . . . regulation" are substituted for "modify . . . the rule" and "modified . . . rule", respectively, for consistency in the chapter and because "regulation" is synonymous with "rule".
In subsection (d), the words "affirming or setting aside, in whole or in part" are omitted as surplus. The words "and not in lieu of" in 15:2004(d) are omitted as surplus.
Pub. L. 103–429
This amends 49:32909(a)(1) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1994—Subsec. (a)(1).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Amendment by
§32910. Administrative
(a)
(A) inspect and copy records of any person at reasonable times;
(B) order a person to file written reports or answers to specific questions, including reports or answers under oath; and
(C) conduct hearings, administer oaths, take testimony, and subpena witnesses and records the Secretary or Administrator considers advisable.
(2) A witness summoned under paragraph (1)(C) of this subsection is entitled to the same fee and mileage the witness would have been paid in a court of the United States.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32910(a) | 15:2005(b)(1), (3). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32910(b) | 15:2005(b)(2). | |
| 32910(c) | 15:2005(d). | |
| 32910(d) | (no source). |
In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "or their duly designated agents" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(b) and section 3 of Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 (eff. Dec. 2, 1970,
In subsection (b), the words "A civil action to enforce a subpena or order of the Secretary or Administrator under subsection (a) of this section may be brought in the district court of the United States for the judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary or Administrator was conducted" are substituted for 15:2005(b)(2) (1st sentence) for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (c), the words "to the public" are omitted as surplus. The words "However, the Secretary or the Administrator may withhold information" are substituted for "except that information may be withheld from disclosure" for clarity.
Subsection (d) is added for convenience because throughout the chapter the Administrator is given authority to prescribe regulations to carry out duties of the Administrator.
Pub. L. 103–429
This amends 49:32910(b) to clarify the restatement of 15:2005(b)(2) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1994—Subsec. (b).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Amendment by
§32911. Compliance
(a)
(b)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32911(a) | 15:2007(a)(3). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 15:2008(a)(2). | ||
| 32911(b) | 15:2007(a)(1), (2). | |
| 15:2007(b). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
|
| 15:2008(a). |
In this section, the words "commits a violation if the . . . fails" are substituted for "the following conduct is unlawful . . . the failure of any person" for clarity and consistency in the revised title.
In subsection (a), the reference to 15:2011 is omitted because that provision is not restated in this chapter. The words "The Secretary of Transportation shall conduct a proceeding, with an opportunity for a hearing on the record, to decide" are substituted for "If, on the record after opportunity for agency hearing, the Secretary determines" in 15:2008 for clarity. The words "the Secretary shall assess the penalties provided for under subsection (b) of this section" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (b), the words "Compliance is determined after considering credits available to the manufacturer under
Pub. L. 103–429
This makes a conforming amendment necessary because of the restatement of 15:2011 as 49:32918 by section 6(43)(A) of the bill.
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1994—Subsec. (a).
§32912. Civil penalties
(a)
(b)
(1) calculated under section 32904(a)(1)(A) or (B) of this title for automobiles to which the standard applies manufactured by the manufacturer during the model year;
(2) multiplied by the number of those automobiles; and
(3) reduced by the credits available to the manufacturer under
(c)
(i) will result in, or substantially further, substantial energy conservation for automobiles in model years in which the increased penalty may be imposed; and
(ii) will not have a substantial deleterious impact on the economy of the United States, a State, or a region of a State.
(B) The amount prescribed under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph may not be more than $10 for each .1 of a mile a gallon.
(C) The Secretary may make a decision under subparagraph (A)(ii) of this paragraph only when the Secretary decides that it is likely that the increase in the penalty will not—
(i) cause a significant increase in unemployment in a State or a region of a State;
(ii) adversely affect competition; or
(iii) cause a significant increase in automobile imports.
(D) A higher amount prescribed under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph is effective for the model year beginning at least 18 months after the regulation stating the higher amount becomes final.
(2) The Secretary shall publish in the Federal Register a proposed regulation under this subsection and a statement of the basis for the regulation and provide each manufacturer of automobiles a copy of the proposed regulation and the statement. The Secretary shall provide a period of at least 45 days for written public comments on the proposed regulation. The Secretary shall submit a copy of the proposed regulation to the Federal Trade Commission and request the Commission to comment on the proposed regulation within that period. After that period, the Secretary shall give interested persons and the Commission an opportunity at a public hearing to present oral information, views, and arguments and to direct questions about disputed issues of material fact to—
(A) other interested persons making oral presentations;
(B) employees and contractors of the Government that made written comments or an oral presentation or participated in the development or consideration of the proposed regulation; and
(C) experts and consultants that provided information to a person that the person includes, or refers to, in an oral presentation.
(3) The Secretary may restrict the questions of an interested person and the Commission when the Secretary decides that the questions are duplicative or not likely to result in a timely and effective resolution of the issues. A transcript shall be kept of a public hearing under this subsection. A copy of the transcript and written comments shall be available to the public at the cost of reproduction.
(4) The Secretary shall publish a regulation prescribed under this subsection in the Federal Register with the decisions required under paragraph (1) of this subsection.
(5) An officer or employee of a department, agency, or instrumentality of the Government violates
(A) provided to the Secretary or the court during consideration or review of a regulation prescribed under this subsection; and
(B) decided by the Secretary to be confidential under section 11(d) of the Energy Supply and Environmental Coordination Act of 1974 (
(d)
(e)
(1) transfer 50 percent of such total amount to the account providing appropriations to the Secretary of Transportation for the administration of this chapter, which shall be used by the Secretary to support rulemaking under this chapter; and
(2) transfer 50 percent of such total amount to the account providing appropriations to the Secretary of Transportation for the administration of this chapter, which shall be used by the Secretary to carry out a program to make grants to manufacturers for retooling, reequipping, or expanding existing manufacturing facilities in the United States to produce advanced technology vehicles and components.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32912(a) | 15:2008(b)(2). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32912(b) | 15:2008(b)(1). | |
| 32912(c)(1) | 15:2008(d). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32912(c)(2), (3) | 15:2008(e)(1). | |
| 32912(c)(4) | 15:2008(e)(2). | |
| 32912(c)(5) | 15:2008(e)(4). | |
| 32912(d) | 15:2008(b)(3) (1st sentence). |
In this section, the words "whom the Secretary determines under subsection (a) of this section" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (b), before clause (1)(A), the words "Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section" are added for clarity. The words "that violates a standard prescribed for a model year under
In subsection (c)(1)(A), before clause (i), the words "shall prescribe by regulation" are substituted for "shall, by rule . . . substitute" for consistency in the revised title and because "rule" and "regulation" are synonymous. The words "in accordance with the provisions of this subsection and subsection (e)" are omitted as surplus. The words "be less than $5.00" are omitted as surplus because under the subsection the Secretary may only raise the amount imposed to $10, or a $5 increase. The words "in the absence of such rule" are omitted as surplus. The words "increase in the penalty" are substituted for "additional amount of the civil penalty" for clarity. In clause (ii), the words "subject to subparagraph (B)" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (c)(1)(C), the words "the later of" and the text of 15:2008(d)(3)(A) are omitted as obsolete.
In subsection (c)(2), before clause (A), the words "After the Secretary of Transportation develops a proposed rule pursuant to subsection (d) of this section" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "written comments or an oral presentation" are substituted for "written or oral presentations" for consistency in the section. The text of 15:2008(e)(1)(B) (last sentence) and (C) is omitted as surplus because of 5:556(d).
In subsection (c)(5), before clause (A), the words "department, agency, or instrumentality" are substituted for "department or agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.
Editorial Notes
Amendments
2007—Subsec. (e).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2007 Amendment
Amendment by
§32913. Compromising and remitting civil penalties
(a)
(1) necessary to prevent the insolvency or bankruptcy of the manufacturer of automobiles;
(2) the manufacturer shows that the violation was caused by an act of God, a strike, or a fire; or
(3) the Federal Trade Commission certifies under subsection (b)(1) of this section that a reduction in the penalty is necessary to prevent a substantial lessening of competition.
(b)
(2) An application under this subsection must be made not later than 30 days after the Secretary decides that the manufacturer has violated
(3) When a civil penalty is collected in a civil action under this chapter before a decision of the Commission under this subsection is final, the payment shall be paid to the court in which the action was brought. The court shall deposit the payment in the general fund of the Treasury on the 90th day after the decision of the Commission becomes final. When the court is holding payment of a penalty reduced under subsection (a)(3) of this section, the Secretary shall direct the court to remit the appropriate amount of the penalty to the manufacturer.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32913(a) | 15:2008(b)(3) (2d sentence). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32913(b) | 15:2008(b)(4), (5). |
In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "compromise or remit" are substituted for "compromise, modify, or remit, with or without conditions" for consistency in the revised title. The words "against any person" are omitted as surplus. The reference to section 32912(b) (a restatement of 15:2008(b)(1)) is used rather than a reference to 32911(b) (a restatement of 15:2007(a)(1) or (2)) to avoid referring, as in the source, to one provision that in turn refers to another provision. In clause (3), the word "reduction" is substituted for "modification" for clarity. The words "as determined under paragraph (4)" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (b)(1), the words "the standard that was violated" are substituted for "the standard with respect to which such penalty was assessed", and the words "The Commission shall make the certification when it finds that reduction" are substituted for "If the manufacturer shows and the Federal Trade Commission determines that modification of the civil penalty for which such manufacturer is otherwise liable . . . the Commission shall so certify", to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (b)(3), the words "When a civil penalty is collected in a civil action under this chapter" are substituted for "but any payment made" for clarity. The words "action was brought" are substituted for "the penalty is collected" for consistency. The words "and shall (except as otherwise provided in paragraph (5)), be held by such court" are omitted as surplus. The words "When the court is holding payment of a penalty reduced under subsection (a)(3) of this section" are substituted for "Whenever a civil penalty has been assessed and collected from a manufacturer under this section, and is being held by a court in accordance with paragraph (4), and the Secretary subsequently determines to modify such civil penalty pursuant to paragraph (3)(C)" to eliminate unnecessary words.
Pub. L. 103–429
This amends 49:32913(b)(1) to clarify the restatement of 15:2008(b)(4) and (5) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1996—Subsec. (b).
1994—Subsec. (b).
Subsec. (b)(1).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1996 Amendment
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Amendment by
§32914. Collecting civil penalties
(a)
(b)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32914(a) | 15:2008(b)(3) (last sentence), (c)(2). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32914(b) | 15:2008(b)(6). |
In subsection (a), the text of 15:2008(b)(3) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus because of 28:516 and 2461(a). The words "an assessment of" and "and unappealable" are omitted as surplus. The words "of the Secretary of Transportation" are added for clarity. The words "for a circuit" are added for consistency. The words "in favor of the Secretary" are omitted as surplus. The words "shall bring a civil action . . . to collect the penalty" are substituted for "shall recover the amount for which the manufacturer is liable" for consistency.
In subsection (b), the words "A claim of a creditor against a bankrupt or insolvent manufacturer of automobiles has priority over a claim of the United States Government against the manufacturer" are substituted for "A claim of the United States . . . against a manufacturer . . . shall, in the case of the bankruptcy or insolvency of such manufacturer, be subordinate to any claim of a creditor of such manufacturer" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the date on which" are omitted as surplus.
§32915. Appealing civil penalties
Any interested person may appeal a decision of the Secretary of Transportation to impose a civil penalty under section 32912(a) or (b) of this title, or of the Federal Trade Commission under
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32915 | 15:2008(c)(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
The words "as the case may be" are omitted as surplus. The text of 15:2008(c)(1) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus because 5:ch. 7 applies unless otherwise stated.
§32916. Reports to Congress
(a)
(b)
(A) achieves the purposes of this chapter;
(B) improves fuel efficiency (thereby facilitating conservation of petroleum and reducing petroleum imports);
(C) has promoted employment in the United States related to automobile manufacturing;
(D) has not caused unreasonable harm to the automobile manufacturing sector in the United States; and
(E) has permitted manufacturers that have assembled passenger automobiles deemed to be manufactured domestically under
(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall include the results of the examination under paragraph (1) of this subsection in each report submitted under subsection (a) of this section more than 180 days after an exemption has been granted under
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32916(a) | 15:2002(a)(2). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32916(b)(1) | 15:2012(c)(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32916(b)(2) | 15:2012(c)(2). |
In subsection (a), the words "a report on the review by the Secretary" are substituted for "a review" for clarity. The words "beginning in 1977" and the text of 15:2002(a) (2d, last sentences) are omitted as executed.
In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), reference to section 32904(b)(4) the 2d time it appears is substituted for "the amendment made to
In subsection (b)(2), the reference to "subsection (a) of this section" is restated to refer to 15:2002(a) rather than 15:2012(a) to reflect the apparent intent of Congress. Although 15:2012(c)(2) refers to an annual report under 15:2012(a), that provision does not provide for an annual report.
Pub. L. 103–429
This makes conforming amendments necessary because of the restatement of 15:2003(b)(2)(G) as 49:32904(b)(3) by section 6(36)(B) of the bill.
Editorial Notes
References in Text
Paragraph (6) of
Amendments
1994—Subsec. (b).
1 See References in Text note below.
§32917. Standards for executive agency automobiles
(a)
(b)
(A) 18 miles a gallon; or
(B) the applicable average fuel economy standard under section 32902(b) or (c) of this title for the model year that includes January 1 of that fiscal year.
(2) Fleet average fuel economy is—
(A) the total number of passenger automobiles leased for at least 60 consecutive days or bought by executive agencies in a fiscal year (except automobiles designed for combat-related missions, law enforcement work, or emergency rescue work); divided by
(B) the sum of the fractions obtained by dividing the number of automobiles of each model leased or bought by the fuel economy of that model.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32917(a) | 15:2010(b)(2). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 32917(b) | 15:2010(a), (b)(1), (3). |
In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "within 120 days after December 22, 1975" and "which begins after December 22, 1975" are omitted as executed. The words "(determined under paragraph (2) of this subsection)" are added for clarity.
In subsection (b)(2), before clause (A), the words "As used in this section: (1) The term" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "to which this section applies" and "for the Armed Forces" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "the sum of the fractions obtained" are substituted for "a sum of terms, each term of which is a fraction created" to eliminate unnecessary words.
§32918. Retrofit devices
(a)
(1) that is designed to be installed in or on an automobile (as an addition to, as a replacement for, or through alteration or modification of, any original component, equipment, or other device); and
(2) that any manufacturer, dealer, or distributor of the device represents will provide higher fuel economy than would have resulted with the automobile as originally equipped,
as determined under regulations of the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. The term also includes a fuel additive for use in an automobile.
(b)
(c)
(2) If under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Administrator tests, or causes to be tested, any retrofit device on the application of a manufacturer of the device, the manufacturer shall supply, at the manufacturer's expense, one or more samples of the device to the Administrator and shall be liable for the costs of testing incurred by the Administrator. The procedures for testing retrofit devices so supplied may include a requirement for preliminary testing by a qualified independent testing laboratory, at the expense of the manufacturer of the device.
(d)
(A) the effect of any retrofit device on fuel economy;
(B) the effect of the device on emissions of air pollutants; and
(C) any other information the Administrator determines to be relevant in evaluating the device.
(2) The summary and conclusions shall also be submitted to the Secretary of Transportation and the Commission.
(e)
(1) testing and other procedures for evaluating the extent to which retrofit devices affect fuel economy and emissions of air pollutants; and
(2) criteria for evaluating the accuracy of fuel economy representations made with respect to retrofit devices.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32918 | 15:2011. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
This restates 15:2011 to include 15:2011 in the scope of the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
In subsection (a), the words "Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency" are substituted for "Administrator" for clarity and to conform to the style of the codification which is to state the complete title the first time a descriptive title is used, and thereafter, to use a shorter title unless the context requires the complete title to be used.
In subsections (c) and (e), the word "regulations" is substituted for "rules" and "by rule" for consistency with the restatement of title 49.
In subsection (e)(1), the words "The Administrator shall prescribe regulations establishing" are substituted for "Within 180 days after December 22, 1975, the Administrator shall, by rule, establish" to eliminate executed words.
Editorial Notes
Prior Provisions
A prior section 32918 was renumbered
§32919. Preemption
(a)
(b)
(c)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 32918 | 15:2009. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
In subsection (a), the word "prescribed" is substituted for "established" for consistency.
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1994—
CHAPTER 331 —THEFT PREVENTION
Editorial Notes
Amendments
2012—
§33101. Definitions
In this chapter—
(1) "chop shop" means a building, lot, facility, or other structure or premise at which at least one person engages in receiving, concealing, destroying, disassembling, dismantling, reassembling, or storing a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle part that has been unlawfully obtained—
(A) to alter, counterfeit, deface, destroy, disguise, falsify, forge, obliterate, or remove the identity of the vehicle or part, including the vehicle identification number or a derivative of that number; and
(B) to distribute, sell, or dispose of the vehicle or part in interstate or foreign commerce.
(2) "covered major part" means a major part selected under
(3) "existing line" means a line introduced into commerce before January 1, 1990.
(4) "first purchaser" means the person making the first purchase other than for resale.
(5) "line" means a name that a manufacturer of motor vehicles applies to a group of motor vehicle models of the same make that have the same body or chassis, or otherwise are similar in construction or design.
(6) "major part" means—
(A) the engine;
(B) the transmission;
(C) each door to the passenger compartment;
(D) the hood;
(E) the grille;
(F) each bumper;
(G) each front fender;
(H) the deck lid, tailgate, or hatchback;
(I) each rear quarter panel;
(J) the trunk floor pan;
(K) the frame or, for a unitized body, the supporting structure serving as the frame; and
(L) any other part of a passenger motor vehicle that the Secretary of Transportation by regulation specifies as comparable in design or function to any of the parts listed in subclauses (A)–(K) of this clause.
(7) "major replacement part" means a major part that is—
(A) an original major part in or on a completed motor vehicle and customized or modified after manufacture of the vehicle but before the time of its delivery to the first purchaser; or
(B) not installed in or on a motor vehicle at the time of its delivery to the first purchaser and the equitable or legal title to the vehicle has not been transferred to a first purchaser.
(8) "model year" has the same meaning given that term in
(9) "new line" means a line introduced into commerce after December 31, 1989.
(10) "passenger motor vehicle" includes a multipurpose passenger vehicle or light duty truck when that vehicle or truck is rated at not more than 6,000 pounds gross vehicle weight.
(11) "vehicle theft prevention standard" means a minimum performance standard for identifying major parts of new motor vehicles and major replacement parts by inscribing or affixing numbers or symbols on those parts.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33101(1) | 15:2021(11). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 33101(2) | 15:2021(6). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 33101(3) | 15:2021(3). | |
| 33101(4) | 15:2021(5). | |
| 33101(5) | 15:2021(2). | |
| 33101(6) | 15:2021(7). | |
| 33101(7) | 15:2021(8). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 33101(8) | 15:2021(9). | |
| 33101(9) | 15:2021(4). | |
| 33101(10) | 15:2021(1). | |
| 33101(11) | 15:2021(10). |
In clause (2), the words "section 33102(c)(1)" are substituted for "section 2022(d)(1)(B)" to correct an erroneous cross-reference. Section 302(1) of the Act of October 25, 1992 (
In clause (3), the words "before January 1, 1990" are substituted for "before the beginning of the 2-year period specified in
In clause (5), the words "of motor vehicles" are added for consistency in this chapter.
Clause (6)(I) is substituted for "rear quarter panels" for clarity and consistency.
In clause (7)(A), the word "completed" is omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.
In clause (9), the words "after December 31, 1989" are substituted for "on or after the beginning of the 2-year period specified in
Pub. L. 103–429, §6(44)(A)
This corrects a cross-reference in 49:33101(2) by eliminating the reference to 49:33102(c)(1). Section 302(1) of the Anti Car Theft Act of 1992 (
Pub. L. 103–429, §6(44)(B)
This makes a conforming amendment for consistency with the style of title 49.
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1996—
1994—Par. (2).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1996 Amendment
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Amendment by
§33102. Theft prevention standard for high theft lines
(a)
(A) covered major parts that manufacturers install in passenger motor vehicles in lines designated under
(B) major replacement parts for the major parts described in clause (A) of this paragraph.
(2) The standard may apply only to—
(A) major parts that manufacturers install in passenger motor vehicles having a model year designation later than the calendar year in which the standard takes effect; and
(B) major replacement parts manufactured after the standard takes effect.
(b)
(c)
(2) For a major replacement part, the standard may not require—
(A) identification of a part not designed as a replacement for a major part required to be identified under the standard; or
(B) the inscribing or affixing of identification except a symbol identifying the manufacturer and a common symbol identifying the part as a major replacement part.
(d)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33102(a)(1) | 15:2022(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 33102(a)(2) | 15:2022(c)(1)–(3), (5). | |
| 33102(b) | 15:2022(b). | |
| 33102(c) | 15:2022(d)(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 33102(d) | 15:2022(e). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "in accordance with this section" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (a)(2), the text of 15:2022(c)(1)–(3) is omitted as obsolete because the standard has already been prescribed. See 49 C.F.R. part 541.
Editorial Notes
References in Text
1 See References in Text note below.
§33103. Theft prevention standard for other lines
(a)
(b)
(A) not designated under
(B) not covered by the standard prescribed under subsection (a) of this section.
(2) The Secretary shall include as part of the regulatory proceeding under this subsection the finding of, and the record developed by, the Attorney General under subsection (c) of this section.
(c)
(d)
(A) whether the application of the standard under subsection (a) or (b) of this subsection, or both, have been effective in substantially inhibiting the operation of chop shops and motor vehicle theft.
(B) whether the anti-theft devices for which the Secretary has granted exemptions under
(2)(A) In making the finding under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection, the Attorney General shall—
(i) consider the additional cost, competition, and available alternatives;
(ii) base that finding on information collected and analyzed under section 33112 1 of this title;
(iii) consider the effectiveness, the extent of use, and the extent to which civil and criminal penalties under
(iv) base that finding on the 3-year and 5-year reports issued by the Secretary under
(v) base that finding on other information the Attorney General develops and includes in the public record.
(B) The Attorney General shall submit a finding under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection promptly to the Secretary. If the Attorney General finds that the application of the standard under subsection (a) or (b) of this section, or both, has not been effective, the Secretary shall issue, not later than 180 days after receiving that finding, an order terminating the standard the Attorney General found was ineffective. The termination is effective for the model year beginning after the order is issued.
(3) In making a finding under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection, the Secretary shall consider the additional cost, competition, and available alternatives. If the Attorney General finds that the anti-theft devices are an effective substitute, the Secretary shall continue to grant exemptions under
(e)
(1) decides with good cause that the earlier date is in the public interest; and
(2) publishes the reasons for the decision.
(f)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33103(a) | 15:2022(f)(1) (1st sentence). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 33103(b) | 15:2022(f)(2) (1st, 2d sentences), (3) (last sentence). | |
| 33103(c) | 15:2022(f)(3) (1st–3d sentences). | |
| 33103(d) | 15:2022(f)(4), (5). | |
| 33103(e) | 15:2022(c)(4). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 15:2022(f)(1) (last sentence), (2) (last sentence). | ||
| 33103(f) | 15:2022(f)(6). |
In subsection (a), the words "foreign and domestic" are omitted as unnecessary. The words "as high theft lines" are added for clarity.
In subsection (b)(1), the words "to apply the standard" are added for clarity. The words "shall apply that standard to covered major parts and major replacement parts for covered parts that manufacturers install in the lines of passenger motor vehicles (except light duty trucks) . . . not designated under
In subsection (b)(2), the words "The Secretary shall include as part of the regulatory proceeding under this subsection . . . developed by the Attorney General under subsection (c) of this section" are substituted for "shall be a part of the Secretary's rulemaking record" for clarity.
In subsection (c), the words "Before the Secretary begins a regulatory proceeding under subsection (b) of this section" are substituted for "prior to the Secretary's initiation and promulgation of a rule" for clarity. The words "applying the standard prescribed in subsection (a) to the remaining lines of passenger motor vehicles (except light duty trucks) not covered by that standard" are substituted for "requiring such additional parts marking for all of the applicable passenger motor vehicles" for clarity and because of the restatement.
In subsection (d)(1)(A), the words "whether the application of the standard under subsection (a) or (b) of this subsection, or both" are substituted for "whether one or both rules promulgated under this subsection" for clarity.
In subsection (d)(2)(A)(iii), the words "civil . . . penalties under
In subsection (d)(3), the words "for the model years after model year 2000" are substituted for "Nothing in this paragraph affects exemptions granted in model year 2000 or earlier to any manufacturer" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "at one of the following levels that the Attorney General decides" are substituted for "as determined by the Attorney General" for clarity.
In subsection (e), the text of 15:2022(c)(4) (related to the standard under 15:2022(c)(1)) is omitted as obsolete because the standard under 15:2022(c)(1) has already been prescribed. See 49 C.F.R. 541.
Editorial Notes
References in Text
1 See References in Text note below.
§33104. Designation of high theft vehicle lines and parts
(a)
(A) a passenger motor vehicle line determined under subsection (b) of this section to have had a new passenger motor vehicle theft rate in the 2-year period covering calendar years 1990 and 1991 greater than the median theft rate for all new passenger motor vehicle thefts in that 2-year period.
(B) a passenger motor vehicle line initially introduced into commerce in the United States after December 31, 1989, that is selected under paragraph (3) of this subsection as likely to have a theft rate greater than the median theft rate referred to in clause (A) of this paragraph.
(C) subject to paragraph (2) of this subsection, a passenger motor vehicle line having (for existing lines) or likely to have (for new lines) a theft rate below the median theft rate referred to in clause (A) of this paragraph, if the major parts in the vehicles are selected under paragraph (3) of this subsection as interchangeable with the majority of the major parts that are subject to the standard and are contained in the motor vehicles of a line described in clause (A) or (B) of this paragraph.
(2) The standard may not apply to any major part of a line described in paragraph (1)(C) of this subsection if all the passenger motor vehicles of lines that are, or are likely to be, below the median theft rate, and that contain parts interchangeable with the major parts of the line involved, account (for existing lines), or the Secretary of Transportation determines they are likely to account (for new lines), for more than 90 percent of the total annual production of all lines of that manufacturer containing those interchangeable parts.
(3) The lines, and the major parts of the passenger motor vehicles in those lines, that are to be subject to the standard may be selected by agreement between the manufacturer and the Secretary. If the manufacturer and the Secretary disagree on the selection, the Secretary shall select the lines and parts, after notice to the manufacturer and opportunity for written comment, and subject to the confidentiality requirements of this chapter.
(4) To the maximum extent practicable, the Secretary shall prescribe reasonable procedures designed to ensure that a selection under paragraph (3) of this subsection is made at least 6 months before the first applicable model year beginning after the selection.
(5) A manufacturer may not be required to comply with the standard under a selection under paragraph (3) of this subsection for a model year beginning earlier than 6 months after the date of the selection.
(6) A passenger motor vehicle line subject on October 25, 1992, to parts marking requirements under sections 602 and 603 of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (
(b)
(2) Under subsection (a) of this section, the theft rate for passenger motor vehicles of a line shall be determined by a fraction—
(A) the numerator of which is the number of new passenger motor vehicle thefts for that line during the 2-year period referred to in subsection (a)(1)(A) of this section; and
(B) the denominator of which is the sum of the respective production volumes of all passenger motor vehicles of that line (as reported to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency under
(3) Under subsection (a) of this section, the median theft rate for all new passenger motor vehicle thefts during that 2-year period is the theft rate midway between the highest and the lowest theft rates determined under paragraph (2) of this subsection. If there is an even number of theft rates determined under paragraph (2), the median theft rate is the arithmetic average of the 2 adjoining theft rates midway between the highest and the lowest of those theft rates.
(4) In consultation with the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Secretary periodically shall obtain from the most reliable source accurate and timely theft and recovery information and publish the information for review and comment. To the greatest extent possible, the Secretary shall use theft information reported by United States Government, State, and local police. After publication and opportunity for comment, the Secretary shall use the theft information to determine the median theft rate under this subsection. The Secretary and the Director shall take any necessary actions to improve the accuracy, reliability, and timeliness of the information, including ensuring that vehicles represented as stolen are really stolen.
(5) The Secretary periodically (but not more often than once every 2 years) may redetermine and prescribe by regulation the median theft rate under this subsection.
(c)
(d)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33104(a) | 15:2023(a)(1)–(4). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 15:2023(a)(5). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
|
| 33104(b) | 15:2022(g). | |
| 15:2023(b). | ||
| 33104(c) | 15:2023(c). | |
| 33104(d) | 15:2023(d). |
In subsection (a)(1)(A), the words "the 2-year period covering calendar years 1990 and 1991" are substituted for "the 2 calendar years immediately preceding the year in which the Anti Car Theft Act of 1992 is enacted" because that Act was enacted on October 25, 1992. The substitution also makes it clear that the 2-year period is to be treated as a single period.
In subsection (a)(1)(B), the words "after December 31, 1989," are substituted for "after the beginning of the 2-year period specified in subparagraph (A)" for consistency with clause (A).
In subsection (a)(6), the word "passenger" is added because the source provisions in the revised chapter apply to passenger motor vehicles.
In subsection (b)(2)(B), the words "Administrator of the" are added for clarity and consistency because of section 1(b) of Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 (eff. Dec. 2, 1970,
In subsection (b)(4), the words "Immediately upon enactment of this subchapter" are omitted as executed. The words "or sources" are omitted because of 1:1.
Editorial Notes
References in Text
Sections 602 and 603 of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(6), are sections 602 and 603 of
§33105. Cost limitations
(a)
(1) on a manufacturer of motor vehicles, compliance costs of more than $15 a motor vehicle; or
(2) on a manufacturer of major replacement parts, compliance costs for each part of more than the reasonable amount (but less than $15) that the Secretary of Transportation specifies in the standard.
(b)
(1) the costs of identifying engines and transmissions may not be considered in calculating the manufacturer's costs under subsection (a) of this section; and
(2) the manufacturer may not be required under the standard to conform to any identification system for engines and transmissions that imposes greater costs on the manufacturer than are incurred under the identification system used by the manufacturer on October 25, 1984.
(c)
(A) "base period" means calendar year 1984.
(B) "price index" means the average over a calendar year of the Consumer Price Index (all items—United States city average) published monthly by the Secretary of Labor.
(2) At the beginning of each calendar year, as necessary data become available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Secretary of Labor shall certify to the Secretary of Transportation and publish in the Federal Register the percentage difference between the price index for the 12 months before the beginning of the calendar year and the price index for the base period. For model years beginning in that calendar year, the amounts specified in subsection (a) of this section shall be adjusted by the percentage difference.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33105 | 15:2024. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
In subsection (a)(1) and (2), the words "compliance costs" are substituted for "costs . . . to comply with such standard" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (2), the words "reasonable amount (but less than $15)" are substituted for "reasonable lesser amount" for clarity.
In subsection (c)(2), the words "commencing on or after January 1, 1985" are omitted as obsolete.
§33106. Exemption for passenger motor vehicles equipped with anti-theft devices
(a)
(1) "anti-theft device" means a device to reduce or deter theft that—
(A) is in addition to the theft-deterrent devices required by motor vehicle safety standard numbered 114 in section 571.114 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations;
(B) the manufacturer believes will be effective in reducing or deterring theft of motor vehicles; and
(C) does not use a signaling device reserved by State law for use on police, emergency, or official vehicles, or on schoolbuses.
(2) "standard equipment" means equipment already installed in a motor vehicle when it is delivered from the manufacturer and not an accessory or other item that the first purchaser customarily has the option to have installed.
(b)
(2) The Secretary may grant an exemption—
(A) for model year 1987, for not more than 2 lines of a manufacturer;
(B) for each of the model years 1988–1996, for not more than 2 additional lines of a manufacturer;
(C) for each of the model years 1997–2000, for not more than one additional line of a manufacturer; and
(D) for each of the model years after model year 2000, for the number of lines that the Attorney General decides under
(3) An additional exemption granted under paragraph (2)(B) or (C) of this subsection does not affect an exemption previously granted.
(c)
(1) a detailed description of the device;
(2) the reasons for the manufacturer's conclusion that the device will be effective in reducing and deterring theft of motor vehicles; and
(3) additional information the Secretary reasonably may require to make the decision described in subsection (b)(1) of this section.
(d)
(e)
(1) for a model year after the model year in which the rescission occurs; and
(2) at least 6 months after the manufacturer receives written notice of the rescission from the Secretary.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33106(a)(1) | 15:2025(e). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 33106(a)(2) | 15:2025(a)(3). | |
| 33106(b) | 15:2025(a)(1), (2). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 33106(c) | 15:2025(b). | |
| 33106(d) | 15:2025(c). | |
| 33106(e) | 15:2025(d). |
In subsection (b)(1), the words "the application of any of" are omitted as surplus. The words "or lines" are omitted because of 1:1.
In subsection (b)(2)(A), the words "for model year 1987" are substituted for "For the initial model year to which such standard applies" for clarity. See 50 Fed. Reg. 43166 (1985). In clause (D), the words "that the Attorney General decides" are substituted for "for which the Secretary may grant such an exemption (if any) shall be determined" for clarity and because of the restatement.
In subsection (d), the words "for the line covered by the petition" are added for clarity.
Subsection (e) is substituted for 15:2025(d) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.
Pub. L. 103–429
This amends 49:33106(b)(3) to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1994—Subsec. (b)(3).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Amendment by
§33107. Voluntary vehicle identification standards
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33107 | 15:2033. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
§33108. Monitoring compliance of manufacturers
(a)
(1) keep records;
(2) make reports;
(3) provide items and information; and
(4) allow an officer or employee designated by the Secretary to inspect the vehicles and parts and relevant records of the manufacturer.
(b)
(c)
(2) This subsection does not apply to a motor vehicle or major replacement part that is—
(A) intended only for export;
(B) labeled only for export on the vehicle or replacement part and the outside of any container until exported; and
(C) exported.
(d)
(1) there is an error in the identification (required by the standard) applied to a major part installed by the manufacturer in a motor vehicle during its assembly, or to a major replacement part manufactured by the manufacturer; and
(2) the motor vehicle or major replacement part has entered interstate commerce.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33108(a) | 15:2026(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 33108(b) | 15:2026(b). | |
| 33108(c) | 15:2026(c). | |
| 33108(d) | 15:2026(d). |
In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "is complying" are substituted for "has acted or is acting in compliance" and "determining whether such manufacturer has acted or is acting in compliance" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "reasonably" is omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the word "keep" is substituted for "establish and maintain" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (4), the words "upon request", "duly", and "such manufacturer shall make available all such items and information in accordance with such reasonable rules as the Secretary may prescribe" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (b), the words "duly" and "enter and" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (c)(2)(B), the words "or tagged" and "if any" are omitted as surplus.
Subsection (d) is substituted for 15:2026(d) for clarity.
§33109. National Stolen Passenger Motor Vehicle Information System
(a)
(A) the vehicle identification number.
(B) the make and model year.
(C) the date on which the vehicle was reported as stolen.
(D) the location of the law enforcement authority that received the report of the theft of the vehicle.
(E) the identification numbers of the vehicle parts (or derivatives of those numbers), at the time of the theft, if those numbers are different from the vehicle identification number of the vehicle.
(2) In establishing the System, the Attorney General shall consult with—
(A) State and local law enforcement authorities; and
(B) the National Crime Information Center Policy Advisory Board to ensure the security of the information in the System and that the System will not compromise the security of stolen passenger motor vehicle and passenger motor vehicle parts information in the System.
(3) If the Attorney General decides that the Center is not able to perform the functions of the System, the Attorney General shall make an agreement for the operation of the System separate from the Center.
(4) The Attorney General shall prescribe by regulation the effective date of the System.
(b)
(2) On request of an insurance carrier, a person lawfully selling or distributing passenger motor vehicle parts in interstate commerce, or an individual or enterprise engaged in the business of repairing passenger motor vehicles, the Attorney General (or the entity the Attorney General designates) immediately shall inform the insurance carrier, person, individual, or enterprise whether the System has a record of a vehicle or vehicle part with a particular vehicle identification number (or derivative of that number) being reported as stolen. The Attorney General may require appropriate verification to ensure that the request is legitimate and will not compromise the security of the System.
(c)
(2)(A) The committee is composed of the following 10 members:
(i) the Attorney General.
(ii) the Secretary of Transportation.
(iii) one individual who is qualified to represent the interests of the law enforcement community at the State level.
(iv) one individual who is qualified to represent the interests of the law enforcement community at the local level.
(v) one individual who is qualified to represent the interests of the automotive recycling industry.
(vi) one individual who is qualified to represent the interests of the automotive repair industry.
(vii) one individual who is qualified to represent the interests of the automotive rebuilders industry.
(viii) one individual who is qualified to represent the interests of the automotive parts suppliers industry.
(ix) one individual who is qualified to represent the interests of the insurance industry.
(x) one individual who is qualified to represent the interests of consumers.
(B) The Attorney General shall appoint the individuals described in subparagraph (A)(iii)–(x) of this paragraph and shall serve as chairman of the committee.
(3) The committee shall make recommendations on developing and carrying out—
(A) the National Stolen Passenger Motor Vehicle Information System; and
(B) the verification system under
(4) Not later than April 25, 1993, the committee shall submit to the Attorney General, the Secretary, and Congress a report including the recommendations of the committee.
(d)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33109(a) | 15:2026c(a), (b) (last sentence), (c), (f). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 33109(b) | 15:2026c(b) (1st sentence), (e). | |
| 33109(c) | 15:2026c(d). |
In the section, the words "National Stolen Passenger Motor Vehicle Information System" are substituted for "National Stolen Auto Part Information System" for consistency with the terminology used and with the source provisions restated in the revised chapter.
In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "establish, and thereafter maintain" are substituted for "maintain" for clarity. The words "shall be located" are added for clarity.
In subsection (a)(2)(B), the words "stolen passenger motor vehicle and passenger motor vehicle parts information" are substituted for "stolen vehicle and vehicle parts information" for consistency with the terminology used in the revised chapter.
In subsection (a)(4), the text of 15:2026c(f) (1st sentence) is omitted as surplus. The words "the effective date of the System" are substituted for "shall be effective as provided" because of the restatement.
In subsection (b)(1), the words "intending to transfer" are substituted for "seeking to transfer" for clarity. The words "passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle part" are substituted for "a vehicle or vehicle parts" for consistency with the terminology used in the revised chapter. The words "whether the vehicle or part" are substituted for "whether a part" for consistency with source provisions restated in the revised section.
In subsection (b)(2), the words "shall inform the insurance carrier, person, individual, or enterprise whether" are substituted for "provide such insurance carrier or person with a determination as to whether" for clarity and consistency in the revised subsection. The words "may require appropriate verification" are substituted for "may require such verification as the Attorney General deems appropriate" to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (c)(1), the words "and appoint" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.
Editorial Notes
Amendments
1996—Subsec. (d).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Termination of Advisory Committees
Advisory committees established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of 2-year period beginning on date of their establishment, unless, in the case of a committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a committee established by Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law. See
§33110. Verifications involving junk and salvage motor vehicles
(a)
(b)
(A) under procedures the Attorney General prescribes by regulation under
(B) provide the purchaser or transferee of the vehicle from the insurance carrier verification identifying the vehicle identification number and verifying that the vehicle has not been reported as stolen or, if reported as stolen, that the carrier has recovered the vehicle and has proper legal title to the vehicle.
(2)(A) This subsection does not prohibit an insurance carrier from transferring a motor vehicle if, within a reasonable period of time during normal business operations (as decided by the Attorney General under
(i) has not been informed under the procedures prescribed in
(ii) has not otherwise established whether the vehicle has been reported as stolen.
(B) When a carrier transfers a motor vehicle for which the carrier has not established whether the vehicle has been reported as stolen, the carrier shall provide written certification to the transferee that the carrier has not established whether the vehicle has been reported as stolen.
(c)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33110(a) | 15:2026a(a) (2d sentence). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 33110(b) | 15:2026a(a) (1st, last sentences). | |
| 33110(c) | 15:2026a(b). |
In subsection (b)(1)(B), the words "or derivative thereof" are omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of "vehicle identification number" in subsection (a) of the revised section.
In subsection (b)(2)(A)(i), the words "has not been informed under the procedures prescribed" are substituted for "has not received a determination under" for clarity and consistency in the revised chapter. In clause (ii), the words "has not otherwise established whether" are substituted for "to otherwise determine whether" for clarity.
In subsection (b)(2)(B), the words "When a carrier transfers a motor vehicle for which the carrier has not established whether the vehicle has been reported as stolen, the carrier shall provide written certification to the transferee that the carrier has not established whether the vehicle has been reported as stolen" are substituted for "except that such carrier shall provide a written certification of such lack of determination" for clarity and because of the restatement.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date
§33111. Verifications involving motor vehicle major parts
(a)
(1) first establishing, through a procedure the Attorney General by regulation prescribes in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation under
(2) providing the purchaser or transferee with a verification—
(A) identifying the vehicle identification number (or derivative of that number) of that major part; and
(B) verifying that the major part has not been reported as stolen.
(b)
(A) is the manufacturer of the major part;
(B) has purchased the major part directly from the manufacturer; or
(C) has received a verification from an insurance carrier under
(2) A person described under paragraph (1)(C) of this subsection that subsequently transfers or sells in commerce the motor vehicle or a major part of the vehicle shall provide the verification received from the carrier to the person to whom the vehicle or part is transferred or sold.
(c)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33111(a) | 15:2026b(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 33111(b) | 15:2026b(c) (1st, 2d sentences). | |
| 33111(c) | 15:2026b(b), (c) (last sentence). |
In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word "distribute" is omitted as being included in "sell". In clause (1), the word "establishing" is substituted for "determining" for clarity and consistency in the revised title.
Subsection (b)(2) is substituted for 15:2026b(c) (2d sentence) for clarity.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date
[§33112. Repealed. Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31313(2), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 772 ]
Section,
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of
§33113. Theft reports
(a)
(1) information on the number of trucks, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and motorcycles distributed for sale in interstate commerce that are stolen and recovered annually, compiled by model, make, and line;
(2) information on the extent to which trucks, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and motorcycles stolen annually are dismantled to recover parts or are exported;
(3) a description of the market for the stolen parts;
(4) information on the premiums charged by insurers of comprehensive coverage of trucks, multipurpose passenger vehicles, or motorcycles, including any increase in the premiums charged because any of those motor vehicles is a likely candidate for theft;
(5) an assessment of whether the identification of parts of trucks, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and motorcycles is likely—
(A) to decrease the theft rate of those motor vehicles;
(B) to increase the recovery rate of those motor vehicles;
(C) to decrease the trafficking in stolen parts of those motor vehicles;
(D) to stem the export and import of those stolen motor vehicles or parts; or
(E) to have benefits greater than the costs of the identification; and
(6) recommendations on whether, and to what extent, the identification of trucks, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and motorcycles should be required by law.
(b)
(1) information on—
(A) the methods and procedures used by public and private entities to collect, compile, and disseminate information on the theft and recovery of motor vehicles, including classes of motor vehicles; and
(B) the reliability and timeliness of the information and how the information can be improved;
(2) information on the number of motor vehicles distributed for sale in interstate commerce that are stolen and recovered annually, compiled by class, model, make, and line;
(3) information on the extent to which motor vehicles stolen annually are dismantled to recover parts or are exported;
(4) a description of the market for the stolen parts;
(5) information on—
(A) the costs to manufacturers and purchasers of passenger motor vehicles of compliance with the standards prescribed under this chapter;
(B) the beneficial impacts of the standards and the monetary value of the impacts; and
(C) the extent to which the monetary value is greater than the costs;
(6) information on the experience of officials of the United States Government, States, and localities in—
(A) making arrests and successfully prosecuting persons for violating a law set forth in title II or III of the Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984;
(B) preventing or reducing the number and rate of thefts of motor vehicles that are dismantled for parts subject to this chapter; and
(C) preventing or reducing the availability of used parts that are stolen from motor vehicles subject to this chapter;
(7) information on the premiums charged by insurers of comprehensive coverage of motor vehicles subject to this chapter, including any increase in the premiums charged because a motor vehicle is a likely candidate for theft, and the extent to which the insurers have reduced for the benefit of consumers the premiums, or foregone premium increases, because of this chapter;
(8) information on the adequacy and effectiveness of laws of the United States and the States aimed at preventing the distribution and sale of used parts that have been removed from stolen motor vehicles and the adequacy of systems available to enforcement personnel for tracing parts to determine if they have been stolen from a motor vehicle;
(9) an assessment of whether the identification of parts of other classes of motor vehicles is likely—
(A) to decrease the theft rate of those vehicles;
(B) to increase the recovery rate of those vehicles;
(C) to decrease the trafficking in stolen parts of those vehicles;
(D) to stem the export and import of those stolen vehicles, parts, or components; or
(E) to have benefits greater than the costs of the identification; and
(10) other relevant and reliable information available to the Secretary about the impact, including the beneficial impact, of the laws set forth in titles II and III of the Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984 on law enforcement, consumers, and manufacturers; and
(11) recommendations (including, as appropriate, legislative and administrative recommendations) for—
(A) continuing without change the standards prescribed under this chapter;
(B) amending this chapter to cover more or fewer lines of passenger motor vehicles;
(C) amending this chapter to cover other classes of motor vehicles; or
(D) ending the standards for all future motor vehicles.
(c)
(A) information reported under this chapter by insurers of motor vehicles and manufacturers of motor vehicles and major replacement parts;
(B) information provided by the Federal Bureau of Investigation;
(C) experience obtained in carrying out this chapter;
(D) experience of the Government under the laws set forth in titles II and III of the Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984; and
(E) other relevant and reliable information available to the Secretary.
(2) In preparing each report, the Secretary shall consult with the Attorney General and State and local law enforcement officials, as appropriate.
(3) The report under subsection (b) of this section shall—
(A) cover a period of at least 4 years after the standards required by this chapter are prescribed; and
(B) reflect any information, as appropriate, from the report under subsection (a) of this section, updated from the date of the report.
(4) At least 90 days before submitting each report to Congress, the Secretary shall publish a proposed report for public review and an opportunity of at least 45 days for written comment. The Secretary shall consider those comments in preparing the report to be submitted and include a summary of the comments with the submitted report.
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33113 | 15:2034. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
In this section, the word "information" is substituted for "data" for consistency in the revised title. The word "standards" is substituted for "standard" because there is more than one standard prescribed under this chapter.
In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "October 25, 1995" are substituted for "3 years after October 25, 1992" (the date of enactment of the Anti-Car Theft Act of 1992) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the words "distributed for sale in interstate commerce that are" are substituted for "for all such motor vehicles distributed for sale in interstate commerce" for clarity. In clause (5)(A), the word "decrease" is substituted for "have . . . a beneficial impact in decreasing" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "October 25, 1997" are substituted for "5 years after October 25, 1992" (the date of enactment of the Anti-Car Theft Act of 1992) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1)(B), the word "accuracy" is omitted as redundant. In clause (2), the words "distributed for sale in interstate commerce that are" are substituted for "for all such motor vehicles distributed for sale in interstate commerce" for clarity. In clause (9)(A), the word "decrease" is substituted for "have . . . a beneficial impact in decreasing" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (c)(1)(C), the words "carrying out" are substituted for "the implementation, administration, and enforcement" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.
Editorial Notes
References in Text
The Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984, referred to in subsecs. (b)(6)(A), (10) and (c)(1)(D), is
§33114. Prohibited acts
(a)
(1) manufacture for sale, sell, offer for sale, introduce or deliver for introduction in interstate commerce, or import into the United States, a motor vehicle or major replacement part subject to a standard prescribed under
(2) fail to comply with a regulation prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation or Attorney General under this chapter;
(3) fail to keep specified records, refuse access to or copying of records, fail to make reports or provide items or information, or fail or refuse to allow entry or inspection, as required by this chapter;
(4) fail to provide the certification required by
(5) knowingly—
(A) own, operate, maintain, or control a chop shop;
(B) conduct operations in a chop shop; or
(C) transport a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle part to or from a chop shop.
(b)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33114 | 15:2027(a), (b). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 15:2027(c)(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
In subsection (a)(1), the words "which is manufactured on or after the date the standard under
In subsection (a)(5)(A), the words "of any kind" are omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of "chop shop" in section 33101 of the revised title.
§33115. Civil penalties and enforcement
(a)
(2) The Secretary of Transportation imposes a civil penalty under this subsection. The Secretary may compromise the amount of a penalty.
(3) In determining the amount of a civil penalty or compromise under this subsection, the Secretary shall consider the size of the person's business and the gravity of the violation.
(4) The Attorney General shall bring a civil action in a United States district court to collect a civil penalty imposed under this subsection.
(5) The Government may deduct the amount of a civil penalty imposed or compromised under this subsection from amounts it owes the person liable for the penalty.
(b)
(2) As appropriate and in consultation with the Attorney General, the Secretary shall—
(A) bring a civil action for a temporary or permanent injunction to restrain a person violating section 33114(a)(5) of this section;
(B) impose and recover the penalty described in paragraph (1) of this subsection; or
(C) take both the actions described in clauses (A) and (B) of this paragraph.
(c)
(2)(A) When practicable, the Secretary—
(i) shall notify a person against whom an action under this subsection is planned;
(ii) shall give the person an opportunity to present that person's views; and
(iii) except for a knowing and willful violation, shall give the person a reasonable opportunity to comply.
(B) The failure of the Secretary to comply with subparagraph (A) of this paragraph does not prevent a court from granting appropriate relief.
(d)
(e)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33115(a) | 15:2028(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 33115(b) | 15:2027(c)(2). | Oct. 20, 1972, |
| 33115(c)(1) | 15:2028(b)(1) (1st sentence). | |
| 33115(c)(2) | 15:2028(b)(1) (2d, last sentences). | |
| 33115(d) | 15:2028(b)(2). | |
| 33115(e) | 15:2028(b)(3), (4). |
In subsection (a)(1), the words "section 33114(a)(1)–(4)" are used to correct an erroneous cross-reference in section 611(a)(1) of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (
In subsection (a)(2), the word "imposes" is substituted for "assessed" for consistency.
In subsection (a)(3), the words "the appropriateness of such penalty to" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (a)(5), the words "United States district court" are added for clarity and consistency in the revised title.
In subsection (c)(1), the words "The Attorney General may bring a civil action" are substituted for "Upon petition by the Attorney General" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words "on behalf of the United States" are omitted as surplus. The words "shall have jurisdiction" are omitted because of 28:1331. The words "for cause shown and subject to the provisions of rule 65(a) and (b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure" are omitted as surplus because the rules apply in the absence of an exception from them. The word "enjoin" is substituted for "restrain" for consistency in the revised title.
In subsection (d), the words "the defendant may demand a jury trial" are substituted for "trial shall be by the court, or, upon demand of the accused, by a jury" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title.
§33116. Confidentiality of information
(a)
(1) to another officer or employee of the United States Government for use in carrying out this chapter; or
(2) in a proceeding under this chapter (except a proceeding under section 33104(a)(3)).
(b)
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33116 | 15:2029. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "reported to, or otherwise" and "or the Secretary's representative" are omitted as surplus. The words "related to a confidential matter referred to" are substituted for "contains or relates to a trade secret or other matter referred to" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title. The words "or in
In subsection (b), the words "authorized to have the information" are added for clarity and consistency with similar provisions in other chapters in this part.
§33117. Judicial review
A person that may be adversely affected by a regulation prescribed under this chapter may obtain judicial review of the regulation under
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33117 | 15:2030. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
The words "regulation prescribed" are substituted for "any provision of any standard or other rule" to eliminate unnecessary words and because "rule" and "regulation" are synonymous. The words "in the case of any standard, rule, or other action under this subchapter" are omitted as surplus.
§33118. Preemption of State and local law
When a motor vehicle theft prevention standard prescribed under
(
| Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
|---|---|---|
| 33118 | 15:2031. | Oct. 20, 1972, |
The words "may not have" are substituted for "no . . . shall have any authority either to establish, or to continue in effect" to eliminate unnecessary words.