SUBCHAPTER III–A—FOOD FOR DEVELOPMENT
§1727. Bilateral grant program
(a) In general
The President shall establish a program under which agricultural commodities are donated in accordance with this subchapter to least developed countries. The revenue generated by the sale of such commodities in the recipient country may be utilized for economic development activities. Such program shall be implemented by the Administrator.
(b) General authority
To carry out the policies and accomplish the objectives described in section 1691 of this title, the Administrator may negotiate and execute agreements with least developed countries to provide commodities to such countries on a grant basis.
(July 10, 1954, ch. 469, title III, §301, as added Pub. L. 95–88, title II, §211(a)(2), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 548; amended Pub. L. 96–53, title II, §204(a), Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 369; Pub. L. 99–198, title XI, §1112(a)(3), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1478; Pub. L. 100–576, §4(a)(1), Oct. 31, 1988, 102 Stat. 2898; Pub. L. 101–624, title XV, §1512, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3641.)
Editorial Notes
Prior Provisions
A prior section 301 of act July 10, 1954, ch. 469, title III, 68 Stat. 458, which amended section 1427 of this title, was renumbered section 308 by Pub. L. 95–88, title II, §211(a)(1), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 548.
Amendments
1990—Pub. L. 101–624 amended section generally, substituting present provisions for provisions outlining Congressional purpose with regard to Food for Development Program, establishment of program, goal of assistance under program, range of assistance and emphasized activities, and use of funds for disaster assistance.
1988—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–576 added subsec. (c).
1985—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–198 inserted "(including immunization of children)" after "health services".
1979—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–53 inserted ", or the dollar sales value of the commodities themselves," after "the local sale of such commodities", and substituted "in the participating country of funds from the sale of such commodities or of the commodities themselves" for "of funds from the sale of such commodities in the participating country".
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–624 effective Jan. 1, 1991, see section 1513 of Pub. L. 101–624, set out as a note under section 1691 of this title.
Effective Date of 1979 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–53 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 512(a) of Pub. L. 96–53, set out as a note under section 2151 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.
Effective Date
Section effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 215 of Pub. L. 95–88, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 1702 of this title.
Amendment of Food for Development Agreements; Disaster Assistance for Bangladesh
Pub. L. 100–576, §4(a)(2), (3), Oct. 31, 1988, 102 Stat. 2898, provided that:
"(2) Food for Development agreements entered into under title III of that Act [this subchapter] before the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 31, 1988] may be amended in order to implement the amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section].
"(3) Pending amendment pursuant to paragraph (2) of Food for Development agreements with the Government of Bangladesh, the use of funds accruing under those agreements, with the approval of the United States Government, for flood-related disaster assistance authorized by the amendment made by paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be consistent with the applicable agreement."
Increased Immunizations of Children; Reporting Requirement
Pub. L. 99–198, title XI, §1112(b), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1478, as amended by Pub. L. 110–246, title III, §3001(c), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1821, provided that: "In the implementation of health programs undertaken in relation to assistance provided under the Food for Peace Act [this chapter], it shall be the goal of the organizations and agencies involved to provide as many additional immunizations of children as possible. Such increased immunization activities should be taken in coordination with similar efforts of other organizations and in keeping with any national plans for expanded programs of immunization. The President shall include information concerning such immunization activities in the annual reports required by section 634 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2394], including a report on the estimated number of immunizations provided each year pursuant to this subsection."
Executive Documents
Implementation of Program
Program under this subchapter to provide for donation of agricultural commodities to least developed countries to be implemented by Administrator of the Agency for International Development, see Ex. Ord. No. 12752, §1(c), Feb. 25, 1991, 56 F.R. 8255, set out as a note under section 1691 of this title.
§1727a. Eligible countries
(a) Least developed countries
A country shall be considered to be a least developed country and eligible for the donation of agricultural commodities under this subchapter if—
(1) such country meets the poverty criteria established by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development for Civil Works Preference for providing financial assistance; or
(2) such country is a food deficit country and is characterized by high levels of malnutrition among significant numbers of its population, as determined by the Administrator under subsection (b).
(b) Indicators of food deficit countries
To make a finding under subsection (a)(2) that a country is a food deficit country and is characterized by high levels of malnutrition, the Administrator must determine that the country meets all of the following indicators of national food deficit and malnutrition:
(1) Calorie consumption
That the daily per capita calorie consumption of the country is less than 2300 calories.
(2) Food security requirements
That the country cannot meet its food security requirements through domestic production or imports due to a shortage of foreign exchange earnings.
(3) Child mortality rate
That the mortality rate of children under 5 years of age in the country is in excess of 100 per 1000 births.
(c) Priority
In determining whether and to what extent agricultural commodities shall be made available to least developed countries under this subchapter, the Administrator shall give priority to countries that—
(1) demonstrate the greatest need for food;
(2) demonstrate the capacity to use food assistance effectively;
(3) have demonstrated a commitment to policies to promote food security, including policies to reduce measurably hunger and malnutrition through efforts such as establishing and institutionalizing supplemental nutrition programs targeted to reach those who are nutritionally at risk; and
(4) have a long-term plan for broad-based, equitable, and sustainable development.
(July 10, 1954, ch. 469, title III, §302, as added Pub. L. 95–88, title II, §211(a)(2), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 549; amended Pub. L. 96–53, title II, §205, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 369; Pub. L. 99–83, title X, §1004(b), Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 271; Pub. L. 99–198, title XI, §1108, Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1467; Pub. L. 101–624, title XV, §1512, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3642.)
Editorial Notes
Prior Provisions
A prior section 302 of act July 10, 1954, ch. 469, title III, 68 Stat. 458, which amended section 1431 of this title, was renumbered section 309 by Pub. L. 95–88, title II, §211(a)(1), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 548.
Amendments
1990—Pub. L. 101–624 amended section generally, substituting present provisions for provisions setting out criteria for eligibility of developing countries for distribution of commodities, minimum aggregate value of agreements for such distribution, waiver of minimum, and participatory requirements.
1985—Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 99–198 substituted "10" for "15" percent.
Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 99–83 inserted "and of United States nonprofit voluntary agencies and cooperatives".
1979—Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 96–53 added par. (4).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–624 effective Jan. 1, 1991, see section 1513 of Pub. L. 101–624, set out as a note under section 1691 of this title.
Effective Date of 1985 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 99–83 effective Oct. 1, 1985, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 99–83, set out as a note under section 2151–1 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.
Effective Date of 1979 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–53 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 512(a) of Pub. L. 96–53, set out as a note under section 2151 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.
Effective Date
Section effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 215 of Pub. L. 95–88, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 1702 of this title.
§1727b. Grant programs
To carry out the policies and accomplish the objectives described in section 1691 of this title, the Administrator may negotiate and execute agreements with least developed countries to provide commodities to such countries on a grant basis either through the Commodity Credit Corporation or through private trade channels.
(July 10, 1954, ch. 469, title III, §303, as added Pub. L. 95–88, title II, §211(a)(2), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 550; amended Pub. L. 96–53, title II, §204(c), Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 369; Pub. L. 101–624, title XV, §1512, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3642.)
Editorial Notes
Prior Provisions
A prior section 303 of act July 10, 1954, ch. 469, title III, 68 Stat. 459, which enacted section 1692 of this title, was renumbered section 310 by Pub. L. 95–88, title II, §211(a)(1), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 548.
Amendments
1990—Pub. L. 101–624 amended section generally, substituting present provisions for provisions relating to a multiyear utilization proposal regarding value and amount of commodities proposed to be distributed, integration with other forms of development assistance, and non-replacement of other programs.
1979—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–53 struck out "for each year such funds are to be disbursed" after "on an annual basis".
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–624 effective Jan. 1, 1991, see section 1513 of Pub. L. 101–624, set out as a note under section 1691 of this title.
Effective Date of 1979 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–53 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 512(a) of Pub. L. 96–53, set out as a note under section 2151 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.
Effective Date
Section effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 215 of Pub. L. 95–88, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 1702 of this title.
§1727c. Direct uses or sales of commodities
Agricultural commodities provided to a least developed country under this section—
(1) may be used in such country for—
(A) direct feeding programs, including programs that include activities that deal directly with the special health needs of children and mothers consistent with section 2151b(c)(2) of title 22, relating to the Child Survival Fund; or
(B) the development of emergency food reserves; or
(2) may be sold in such country by the government of the country or the Administrator (or their designees) as provided in the agreement, and the proceeds of such sale used in accordance with this subchapter.
(July 10, 1954, ch. 469, title III, §304, as added Pub. L. 95–88, title II, §211(a)(2), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 550; amended Pub. L. 95–424, title II, §202, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 955; Pub. L. 101–624, title XV, §1512, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3642.)
Editorial Notes
Prior Provisions
A prior section 304 of act July 10, 1954, ch. 469, title III, 68 Stat. 459, enacted section 1693 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 89–808, §2(D), Nov. 11, 1966, 80 Stat. 1535.
Amendments
1990—Pub. L. 101–624 amended section generally, substituting present provisions for provisions relating to furnishing of credit by Commodity Credit Corporation to participating country for purchase of commodities, payment by recipient government, waiver of requirements to meet humanitarian or developmental objectives, and payment of freight charges of relatively least developed countries.
1978—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–424 added subsec. (d).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–624 effective Jan. 1, 1991, see section 1513 of Pub. L. 101–624, set out as a note under section 1691 of this title.
Effective Date of 1978 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 95–424 effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 605 of Pub. L. 95–424, set out as a note under section 2151 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.
Effective Date
Section effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 215 of Pub. L. 95–88, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 1702 of this title.
§1727d. Local currency accounts
(a) Retention of proceeds
To the extent determined to be appropriate by the Administrator, revenues generated from the sale, under section 1727c(2) of this title, of agricultural commodities provided under this subchapter shall be deposited into a separate account (that may be interest bearing) in the recipient country to be disbursed for the benefit of such country in accordance with local currency agreements entered into between the recipient country and the Administrator. The Administrator may determine not to deposit such revenues in a separate account if—
(1) local currencies are to be programmed for specific economic development purposes listed in section 1727e(a) of this title; and
(2) the recipient country programs an equivalent amount of money for such purposes as specified in an agreement entered into by the Administrator and the recipient country.
(b) Ownership and programming of accounts
The proceeds of sales pursuant to section 1727c(2) of this title shall be the property of the recipient country or the United States, as specified in the applicable agreement. Such proceeds shall be utilized for the benefit of the recipient country, shall be jointly programmed by the Administrator and the government of the recipient country, and shall be disbursed for the benefit of such country in accordance with local currency agreements between the Administrator and that government.
(c) Overall development strategy
The Administrator shall consider the local currency proceeds as an integral part of the overall development strategy of the Agency for International Development and the recipient country.
(July 10, 1954, ch. 469, title III, §305, as added Pub. L. 95–88, title II, §211(a)(2), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 550; amended Pub. L. 95–424, title II, §203, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 955; Pub. L. 96–53, title II, §§204(b), 206, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 369; Pub. L. 101–624, title XV, §1512, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3643.)
Editorial Notes
Prior Provisions
A prior section 305 of act July 10, 1954, ch. 469, title III, 68 Stat. 459, enacted section 1694 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 89–808, §2(D), Nov. 11, 1966, 80 Stat. 1535.
Amendments
1990—Pub. L. 101–624 amended section generally, substituting present provisions for provisions authorizing deposit of funds generated from sale of commodities into special account, providing that disbursements shall be considered payment by recipient government or as full forgiveness of repayment obligations, consideration of disbursements as payment with respect to credit obligations or annual repayment obligations, and application of dollar sales value of commodities against repayment obligations.
1979—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–53, §206, inserted provisions relating to disbursements from the special account equal to the dollar value of credit furnished by the Commodity Credit Corporation under section 1727c(a) of this title.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–53, §204(b), added subsec. (c).
1978—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 95–424 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–624 effective Jan. 1, 1991, see section 1513 of Pub. L. 101–624, set out as a note under section 1691 of this title.
Effective Date of 1979 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–53 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 512(a) of Pub. L. 96–53, set out as a note under section 2151 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.
Effective Date of 1978 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 95–424 effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 605 of Pub. L. 95–424, set out as a note under section 2151 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.
Effective Date
Section effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 215 of Pub. L. 95–88, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 1702 of this title.
§1727e. Use of local currency proceeds
(a) In general
The local currency proceeds of sales pursuant to section 1727c(2) of this title shall be used in the recipient country for specific economic development purposes, including—
(1) the promotion of specific policy reforms to improve food security and agricultural development within the country and to promote broad-based, equitable, and sustainable development;
(2) the establishment of development programs, projects, and activities that promote food security, alleviate hunger, improve nutrition, and promote family planning, maternal and child health care, oral rehydration therapy, and other child survival objectives consistent with section 2151b(c)(2) of title 22, relating to the Child Survival Fund;
(3) the promotion of increased access to food supplies through the encouragement of specific policies and programs designed to increase employment and incomes within the country;
(4) the promotion of free and open markets through specific policies and programs;
(5) support for United States private voluntary organizations and cooperatives and encouragement of the development and utilization of indigenous nongovernmental organizations;
(6) the purchase of agricultural commodities (including transportation and processing costs) produced in the country—
(A) to meet urgent or extraordinary relief requirements in the country or in neighboring countries; or
(B) to develop emergency food reserves;
(7) the purchase of goods and services (other than agricultural commodities and related services) to meet urgent or extraordinary relief requirements;
(8) the payment, to the extent practicable, of the costs of carrying out the program authorized in subchapter V;
(9) private sector development activities designed to further the policies set forth in section 1691 of this title, including loans to financial intermediaries for use in making loans to private individuals, cooperatives, corporations, or other entities;
(10) activities of the Peace Corps that relate to agricultural production;
(11) the development of rural infrastructure such as roads, irrigation systems, and electrification to enhance agricultural production;
(12) research on malnutrition and its causes, as well as research relating to the identification and application of policies and strategies for targeting resources made available under this section to address the problem of malnutrition; and
(13) support for research (including collaborative research which is mutually beneficial to the United States and the recipient country), education, and extension activities in agricultural sciences.
Section 1306 of title 31 shall not apply to the use under this subsection of local currency proceeds that are owned by the United States.
(b) Support of nongovernmental organizations
To the extent practicable, not less than 10 percent of the amounts contained in an account established for a recipient country under section 1727d(a) of this title shall be used by such country to support the development and utilization of nongovernmental organizations and cooperatives that are active in rural development, agricultural education, sustainable agricultural production, other measures to assist poor people, and environmental protection projects within such country.
(c) Investment of local currencies by nongovernmental organizations
A nongovernmental organization may invest local currencies that accrue to that organization as a result of assistance under subsection (a), and any interest earned on such investment may be used for the purpose for which the assistance was provided to that organization without further appropriation by the Congress.
(d) Support for certain educational institutions
If the Administrator determines that local currencies deposited in a special account pursuant to this subchapter are not needed for any of the activities prescribed in paragraphs (1) through (13) of subsection (a) or for any other specific economic development purpose in the recipient country, the Administrator may use those currencies to provide support for any institution (other than an institution whose primary purpose is to provide religious education) located in the recipient country that provides education in agricultural sciences or other disciplines for a significant number of United States nationals (who may include members of the United States Armed Forces or the Foreign Service or dependents of such members).
(July 10, 1954, ch. 469, title III, §306, as added Pub. L. 95–88, title II, §211(a)(2), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 551; amended Pub. L. 96–53, title II, §207(a), Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 369; Pub. L. 101–624, title XV, §1512, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3643; Pub. L. 104–127, title II, §211(a), Apr. 4, 1996, 110 Stat. 955.)
Editorial Notes
Prior Provisions
A prior section 306 of act July 10, 1954, ch. 469, title III, as added Sept. 21, 1959, Pub. L. 86–341, title I, §11, 73 Stat. 608, enacted section 1695 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 89–808, §2(D), Nov. 11, 1966, 80 Stat. 1535.
Amendments
1996—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–127 amended heading and struck out "indigenous" before "nongovernmental" in text.
1990—Pub. L. 101–624 amended section generally, substituting present provisions for provisions requiring submission of annual report by recipient countries to President on activities and progress of Food for Development Program.
1979—Pub. L. 96–53 inserted provisions relating to detailed description of the use of the commodities.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 101–624 effective Jan. 1, 1991, see section 1513 of Pub. L. 101–624, set out as a note under section 1691 of this title.
Effective Date of 1979 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–53 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 512(a) of Pub. L. 96–53, set out as a note under section 2151 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.
Effective Date
Section effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 215 of Pub. L. 95–88, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 1702 of this title.
Executive Documents
Use of Foreign Currencies
Foreign currencies accruing to United States under this subchapter may be used for purposes set forth in this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12752, §2(b)(1), Feb. 25, 1991, 56 F.R. 8255, set out as a note under section 1691 of this title.
§§1727f, 1727g. Omitted
Editorial Notes
Codification
Sections were omitted in the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 101–624, title XV, §1512, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3633.
Section 1727f, act July 10, 1954, ch. 469, title III, §307, as added Aug. 3, 1977, Pub. L. 95–88, title II, §211(a)(2), 91 Stat. 551; amended Aug. 14, 1979, Pub. L. 96–53, title II, §207(b), 93 Stat. 369, related to annual presidential review of agreements for use of proceeds from sales of commodities.
A prior section 307 of act July 10, 1954, ch. 469, title III, as added Sept. 21, 1959, Pub. L. 86–341, title I, §12, 73 Stat. 609, which enacted section 1696 of this title, was repealed by Pub. L. 89–808, §2(D), Nov. 11, 1966, 80 Stat. 1535.
Section 1727g, act July 10, 1954, ch. 469, title III, §310, formerly §303, 68 Stat. 459; Pub. L. 85–931, §6, Sept. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 1791; Pub. L. 90–436, §7, July 29, 1968, 82 Stat. 451; renumbered §310, Pub. L. 95–88, title II, §211(a)(1), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 548; Pub. L. 99–198, title XI, §1167(c), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1503, related to authority of Secretary to barter agricultural commodities for strategic and other materials.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Barter of Agricultural Commodities for Strategic and Critical Materials
Pub. L. 99–198, title XI, §1167(a), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1502, set out findings by Congress concerning the barter or exchange of agricultural commodities for strategic and critical materials for the national defense stockpile, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 101–624, title XV, §1572(3), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3702.